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Ecological diversity is a type of biodiversity. It is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet. Ecological diversity includes the variation in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecological diversity can also take into account the variation in the complexity of a biological community, including the number of different niches, the number of trophic levels and other ecological processes. An example of ecological diversity on a global scale would be the variation in ecosystems, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans. Ecological diversity is the largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a great deal of both species and genetic diversity.[1]
Examples
editSome examples of ecosystems that are rich in diversity are:
Ecological diversity boosts the the productivity of the Ecosystem because every organism in the ecosystem has a very important role to play.[2] For an ecosystem to be healthy, it has to provide a certain amount of services for the environment and everyone in it. Some of these services are namely; protection of water resources, soils formation, nutrient storage and re-cycling, pollution breakdown and absorption, maintenance of ecosystems, etc. Also, they provide a certain amount of biological services such as; food, medicinal resources, wood products, ornamental plants, recreation and tourism, etc.[2]
Ecosystem diversity can be measured based on its richness and indicators, this helps to quantify ecosystem diversity and its contribution and importance to its environment and people.[3]
How Ecosystem Diversity Is Measured: Species Richness and Ecological Indicators
editSpecies richness is the number of species in a particular area.[4] Species richness is determined by the relative amount of individuals in a community, in other words, it is the number of individuals per species and the evenness of the distribution of those individuals in that community.[5] The multidimensional complexity of ecological biodiversity is a challenge when it comes to determining species richness, so due to this, the species richness of specific taxa, number of different plant functional types or different gene gene sequences in any given microbial DNA from the soil is taken to determine exact species richness[3]
Ecological indicator are scientific methods that use quantitative data to measure different aspects of ecological biodiversity, the ecosystem condition and the services it provides.[3] This involves monitoring, assessment and decision-making which all leads to easy and simple communications passed across to the policy makers. Different examples of Ecological indicator includes, global mean temperature, atmospheric CO2 concentrations[6] They are important because they are used to assess the cause of certain environmental damages in an ecosystem, it can also be used to predict future changes in the ecosystem and also come up with actions that will be a solution to the foreseen problems that will be encountered in the Ecosystem
Problems Associated With Ecosystem Biodiversity
editThe main problems associated with ecosystem biodiversity are namely; Habitat destruction and Invasive species. Invasive species are the second most significant threat to ecosystem diversity.[7] In new ecosystems, invasive species basically become predators, competitors, parasites and diseases of the environments plants and animals.[7] They are sometimes difficult to control because they have high rates of reproduction, fewer natural predators and the ability to thrive and survive in different environments and environmental conditions.[7] Habitat destruction is the most significant threat to biodiversity.[8] Habitat destruction leads to extinctions of animals and plants in the ecosystem that are affected, the loss is not significant as the species found in a large area of a given habitat are represented in only small areas of the habitat.[8] There are other factors that also affect ecology biodiversity like climate change, environmental degradation, Erosion, over pollution, etc.[9]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ study.com http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-biodiversity-definition-and-relation-to-ecosystem-stability.html. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b "Why Is Biodiversity Important? Who Cares? — Global Issues". www.globalissues.org. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
- ^ a b c "1. Biodiversity: What is it, where is it, and why is it important?". www.greenfacts.org. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
- ^ "1. Biodiversity: What is it, where is it, and why is it important?". www.greenfacts.org. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
- ^ "Download Limit Exceeded". citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
- ^ Niemi, Gerald; Mcdonald, Michael (June 8, 2004). "APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS" (PDF). Reviews In Advance. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
- ^ a b c Canada, Government of Canada, Environment. "Why Are Invasive Alien Species a Problem? - Nature - Environment Canada". www.ec.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Pimm, Stuart L.; Raven, Peter (2000-02-24). "Biodiversity: Extinction by numbers". Nature. 403 (6772): 843–845. doi:10.1038/35002708. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ^ Pongsiri, Montira J.; Roman, Joe; Ezenwa, Vanessa O.; Goldberg, Tony L.; Koren, Hillel S.; Newbold, Stephen C.; Ostfeld, Richard S.; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K.; Salkeld, Daniel J. (2009-12-01). "Biodiversity Loss Affects Global Disease Ecology". BioScience. 59 (11): 945–954. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.6. ISSN 0006-3568.
Category:Biodiversity
Category:Systems ecology
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