| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rudolf VI 8 June 1868 – 2 September 1900 |
21 August 1858 Laxenburg Son of Franz Joseph I and Elisabeth of Austria |
Stéphanie of Belgium 10 May 1881 Augustinian Church three children |
2 September 1900 Hofburg Aged 42 |
Son of Francis Joseph I (primogeniture) |
| Francis III (Franz III) 2 September 1900 – 16 March 1963 |
2 September 1883 Franzensburg Son of Rudolf VI and Stéphanie of Belgium |
Infanta Maria of Portugal 23 January 1902 Hofburg four children |
16 March 1963 Schönbrunn Palace Aged 79 |
Son of Rudolf VI (primogeniture) |
| Francis Joseph II (Franz Joseph II) 16 March 1963 – May 29, 2005 |
4 April, 1909 Schönbrunn Palace Son of Francis III and Infanta Maria of Portugal |
May 29, 2005 Schönbrunn Palace Aged 96 |
Son of Francis III (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leopold III 8 June 1868 – 8 June 1905 |
22 September 1835 Krauchenwies Son of Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern and Princess Josephine of Baden |
Infanta Antónia of Portugal 12 September 1861 three sons |
8 June 1905 Prague Castle Aged 69 |
Chosen by Bohemian Diet |
| William I (Wilhelm I Vilém I) 8 June 1868 – 8 June 1905 |
7 March 1864 Schloss Benrath Son of Leopold III and Infanta Antónia of Portugal |
Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 27 June 1889 St. Vitus Cathedral four children |
22 October 1930 Prague Castle Aged 66 |
Son of Leopold III (primogeniture) |
| Frederick II (Friedrich II Fridrich II) 22 October 1930 – 6 February 1965 |
30 August 1891 Prague Castle Son of William I and Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies |
6 February 1965 | Son of William I (primogeniture) | |
| Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I Fridrich Vilém I) 6 February 1965 – September 16, 2010 |
February 3, 1924 Prague Castle Son of Frederick II and [[]] |
September 16, 2010 | Son of Frederick II (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leopold II (Léopold II) 17 December 1865 – 17 December 1909 |
9 April 1835 Brussels Son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans |
Marie Henriette of Austria Brussels 22 August 1853 three children |
17 December 1909 Laeken Aged 74 |
Son of Leopold I (primogeniture) |
| Leopold III (Léopold III) 17 December 1909 – 2 January 1931 |
12 June 1859 Castle of Laeken Son of Leopold II and Marie Henriette of Austria |
Archduchess Gisela of Austria Augustinian Church 20 April 1874 five children |
2 January 1931 Laeken Aged 71 |
Son of Leopold II (primogeniture) |
| Leopold IV (Léopold IV) 2 January 1931 – 1 August 1948 |
15 May 1879 Castle of Laeken Son of Leopold III and Archduchess Gisela of Austria |
1 August 1948 Laeken Aged 69 |
Son of Leopold III (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander 29 April 1879 – 23 October 1908 |
5 April 1857 Verona Son of Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia, Princess of Battenberg |
Princess Viktoria of Prussia 11 March 1882 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral three children |
23 October 1908 Battenberg Palace Aged |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edward VII 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 |
9 November 1841 Buckingham Palace Son of Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria |
Alexandra of Denmark 10 March 1863 St George's Chapel 6 children |
6 May 1910 Buckingham Palace Aged 68 |
Son of Victoria (primogeniture) |
| Edward VIII 6 May 1910 – 13 September 1935 |
8 January 1864 Frogmore House Son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark |
Mary of Teck St James's Palace 27 February 1892 six children |
13 September 1935 Buckingham Palace Aged 71 |
Son of Edward VII (primogeniture) |
| George V 13 September 1935 – 28 May 1972 |
23 June 1893 Frogmore House Son of Edward VIII and Mary of Teck |
28 May 1972 Buckingham Palace Aged 79 |
Son of Edward VIII (primogeniture) | |
| Edward IX 28 May 1972 – 6 September 1977 |
21 April 1913 Sandringham House Son of George V and [[]] |
28 May 1972 Windsor Castle Aged 59 |
Son of George V (primogeniture) | |
| Henry IX 6 September 1977 – Present |
14 November 1944 Buckingham Palace Son of Edward IX and [[]] |
Living | Son of Edward IX (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William III (Willem III) 17 March 1849 – 27 October 1887 |
19 February 1817 Palace of the Nation Son of William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia |
Sophie of Württemberg 18 June 1839 Stuttgart three sons |
27 October 1887 Het Loo Palace Aged 70 |
Son of William II (primogeniture) |
| Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont 7 January 1879 Arolsen no children | ||||
| Sophie 27 October 1887 – 23 March 1897 |
8 April 1824 Lange Voorhout Palace Daughter of William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia |
Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 8 October 1842 The Hague four children |
23 March 1897 Royal Palace of Amsterdam Aged 72 |
Daughter of William II (primogeniture) |
| Charles Augustus (Karel August) 23 March 1897 – 20 November 1904 |
31 July 1844 Weimar Son of Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Queen Sophie |
Princess Marie of the Netherlands 18 July 1871 The Hague three children |
20 November 1904 Royal Palace of Amsterdam Aged 60 |
Son of Queen Sophie (primogeniture) |
House of Orléans (restored)
edit| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philippe VII 21 May 1871 – 11 October 1901 |
24 August 1838 Tuileries Palace Son of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans and Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Marie Isabelle of Orléans St Raphael's Church 30 May 1864 six children |
20 November 1901 Palace of Fontainebleau Aged 63 |
Grandson of Louis Philippe I (primogeniture) |
| Philippe VIII 11 October 1901 – 28 March 1931 |
6 February 1869 Tuileries Palace Son of Philippe VII and Marie Isabelle of Orléans |
Maria of Spain Notre-Dame 2 November 1890 three children |
28 March 1931 Algiers Aged 62 |
Son of Philippe VII (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wilhelm II 15 June 1888 – 4 June 1941 |
27 January 1859 Kronprinzenpalais Son of Frederick III and Victoria, Princess Royal |
Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein Berlin 27 February 1881 seven children |
4 June 1941 Berlin Aged 82 |
Son of Frederick III (primogeniture) |
| Wilhelm III 4 June 1941 – 20 July 1961 |
6 May 1882 Marmorpalais Son of Wilhelm II and Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein |
Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Berlin 6 June 1905 seven children |
20 July 1961 Berlin Aged 79 |
Son of Wilhelm II (primogeniture) |
| Wilhelm IV 20 July 1961 – 26 May 1993 |
4 July 1906 Marmorpalais Son of Wilhelm III and Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
26 May 1993 Königsberg Aged 86 |
Son of Wilhelm III (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| George V (Georg V) 18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878) |
27 May 1819 Berlin Son of Ernest Augustus I and Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |
Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 18 February 1843 Hanover three children |
12 June 1878 Herrenhausen Gardens Aged 659 |
Son of Ernest Augustus I (primogeniture) |
| Ernest Augustus II (Ernst August II) 12 June 1878) – 14 November 1923 |
21 September 1845 Hanover Son of George V and Marie of Saxe-Altenburg |
[[]] [[]] children |
14 November 1923 Hanover Aged 78 |
Son of George V (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| August (Ágost) 28 November 1868 – 26 July 1881 |
13 June 1818 Vienna Son of Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág |
Princess Clémentine of Orléans 20 April 1843 Château de Saint-Cloud five children |
26 July 1881 Royal Palace Aged 63 |
Chosen by Diet of Hungary |
| Ferdinand VI (Ferdinánd VI) 26 July 1881 – 3 July 1921 |
28 March 1844 Tuileries Palace Son of August and Princess Clémentine of Orléans |
Princess Louise of Belgium 4 May 1875 St. Stephen's Basilica two children |
3 July 1921 Royal Palace Aged 77 |
Son of August (primogeniture) |
| Leopold III (Lipót III) 3 July 1921 – 30 December 1943 |
19 July 1878 Svätý Anton Son of Ferdinand VI and Princess Louise of Belgium |
30 December 1943 Royal Palace Aged 65 |
Son of Ferdinand VI (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Umberto I 9 January 1878 – 17 November 1878 |
14 March 1844 Turin Son of Victor Emmanuel II and Adelaide of Austria |
Mathilda of Austria 21 April 1868 Turin two children |
17 November 1878 Naples Aged 34 |
Son of Victor Emmanuel II (primogeniture) |
| Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele III) 17 November 1878 – 28 December 1947 |
11 November 1869 Naples Son of Umberto I and Mathilda of Austria |
Elena of Montenegro 24 October 1896 Italy five children |
28 December 1947 Quirinal Palace Aged 78 |
Son of Umberto I (primogeniture) |
| Umberto II 28 December 1947 – 18 March 1983 |
15 September 1904 Castle of Racconigi Son of Victor Emmanuel III and Elena of Montenegro |
18 March 1983 Royal Villa of Monza Aged 78 |
Son of Victor Emmanuel III (primogeniture) | |
| Victor Emmanuel IV (Vittorio Emanuele IV) 18 March 1983 – Present |
12 February 1937 Naples Son of Umberto II and [[]] |
Living | Son of Umberto II (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles I (Carol I) 15 March 1881 – 10 October 1914 |
20 April 1839 Sigmaringen Son of Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern and Josephine of Baden |
Elisabeth of Wied 15 November 1869 Neuwied four children |
10 October 1914 Sinaia Aged 75 |
Elected Sovereign Prince by Romanian parliament |
| Charles II (Carol II) 10 October 1914 – |
8 September 1870 Bucharest Son of Charles I and Elisabeth of Wied |
[[]] [[]] |
2 June 1932 Peleș Castle Aged 61 |
Son of Charles I (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander II (Aleksandr II) 2 March 1855 – 13 March 1891 |
29 April 1818 Moscow Kremlin Son of Nicholas I and Charlotte of Prussia |
Marie of Hesse 16 April 1841 St. Petersburg eight children |
13 March 1891 Sinaia Aged 72 |
Son of Nicholas I (primogeniture) |
| Vladimir IV 13 March 1891 – 17 February 1909 |
22 April 1847 Winter Palace Son of Alexander II and Marie of Hesse |
Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 28 August 1874 [[]] five children |
17 February 1909 Vladimir Palace Aged 61 |
Son of Alexander II (primogeniture) |
| Name Reign |
Birth | Marriage(s) Issue |
Death | Claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amadeo I 16 November 1870 – 18 January 1900 |
30 May 1845 Royal Palace of Turin Son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Adelaide of Austria |
Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo Turin 30 May 1867 six children |
18 January 1900 Royal Palace of Madrid Aged 54 |
Elected by Cortes Generales; Great-great-grandson of Charles III |
| Emanuele Filiberto I (Manuel Filiberto I) 18 January 1900 – 4 July 1931 |
13 January 1869 Genoa Son of Amadeo I and Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo |
Hélène of Orléans Madrid 25 June 1895 three children |
4 July 1931 Royal Palace of Madrid Aged 62 |
Son of Amadeo I (primogeniture) |
1900
edit
^ Ernst August II inherited the Duchy of Brunswick in 18 October 1884 after the death of Duke Wilhelm VIII
^ Günther Victor inherited the Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in 28 March 1909 after the death of Prince Karl Günther
1910
edit
1930
editList of Wars (1860-1899)
edit
Aftermath and consequences
editFor the defeated parties
editIn addition to war reparations, the following territorial changes took place:
- Austria: Surrendered the province of Venetia and some Dalmatian islands to Italy. Austria then lost all official influence over member states of the former German Confederation. Austria’s defeat was a telling blow to Habsburg rule; the Empire was briefly transformed via the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in the following year, though this would rapidly disintegrate.
- Schleswig and Holstein: Became the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein.
- Saxony: Annexed by Prussia, became the Province of Saxony.
- Hesse-Darmstadt: Surrendered to Prussia the small territory it had acquired earlier in 1866 on the extinction of the ruling house of Hesse-Homburg. The northern half of the remaining land joined the North German Confederation.
- Nassau, Hesse-Kassel, Frankfurt: Annexed by Prussia. Combined with the territory surrendered by Hesse-Darmstadt to form the new Province of Hesse-Nassau.
- Hanover, Saxe-Meiningen, Reuss-Greiz, Schaumburg-Lippe: Spared from annexation but joined the North German Confederation in the following year.
| Great European War | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||||
| Eastern Powers: | Entente Powers: |
 Revolutionary France (1900–1901) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||