The Tiwa people (also known as Lalung)[2] is a Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group primarily inhabiting the Northeast Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland, and some parts of neighbouring Bangladesh and Myanmar.[3]
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 371,000 appox.[1] (2011 Census) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 India (Assam(in Tiwa Autonomous Council), Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh
 Myanmar | |
| Languages | |
| Tiwa, Assamese (predominantly spoken) | |
| Religion | |
| Hinduism, Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Tibeto-Burman groups |
A striking peculiarity of the Tiwa is their division into two sub-groups, Hills Tiwa and Plains Tiwa.[4] The founder of Tiwa community is Pha Poroi “Indrosing Dewri” who has contributed a lot to the construction of Tiwa society. He also wrote the Tiwa national anthem called - O Angé Tiwa Tosima.[5]
Etymology
editThey were known as Lalungs/Lalong/Laleng in the Assamese Buranjis and in Colonial literature[6][7] and in the Constitution of India, though members of the group prefer to call themselves Tiwa (meaning "the people who were lifted from below"). Some of their neighbours still call them Lalung.[8]
Origin
editAccording to Bishnu Prasad Rabha, the Tiwas are originally the Pator-goya clan of the ethnic Deori people. He said that the word "Chutia" became "Tia/Tiwa" by omitting the first part "Chu" but there has been no scientific evidence to support the claim. At present, the Patorgoyan clan is neither found among the Deoris nor among the Chutias, and are believed to have migrated to the west. The origin of the word "Lalung" hasn't yet been decided by the historians. In the Karbi language, "Lalung" means "sinking from the water", while in the Ahom language, it means "migration towards the west". From this, it can be presumed that the Tiwa people first met the Karbis when they proceeded towards the west to Nagoan by crossing the Brahmaputra.
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This is moreover supported by the folklore of the Tiwa people who believe that they migrated a long time back from their homeland which was situated in the eastern part of undivided Darrang district (Sonitpur district). The memory of their original homeland is expressed in their popular song "Lali-lai-Hilali". This folklore of Hilali is also shared by the Sadiyal Kacharis (i.e. Sonowals, Chutias, Deoris) which points out to the fact that the entire area including the hills of Arunachal, and the present-day districts of Sonitpur, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Sibsagar was once a single kingdom which was bounded by the Dikarai and Dikhou.
However, some other experts believe that there has been no scientific evidence to support the claim that the Tiwas are related to the Pator-goya clan, which prompted a section of the Deoris to begin a search. A preliminary investigation from 30 September to 5 October under the aegis of Jimachaya Giyan Aru Juktibadi Samaj has given a positive indication of the presence of Deori people in Kachin province and near Yangon in Myanmar. A team of researchers has decided to visit Myanmar, hoping to find out the lost clan.[web 1]
Researchers like Robert Shafer,[9] George Greirson[10] and Dr. Suniti Chatterjee have all placed the Tiwa, Kokborok and the Deori language as belonging to a single family under Kachari languages. In the Assam Census report of 1881, Wadell made a significant proposition about the Tiwas, "The Lalungs got mixed up with the Garos and the Mikirs. They have numerous exogamous clans". This could be one of the reasons as to why the Ahom chroniclers could not differentiate between the Tiwas and the other ethnic groups of the hills, and the reason why the Tiwas developed a unique culture of their own retaining old customs from their homeland as well as getting influenced from the Karbis and Garos.
Medieval Period
editThe Buranjis (Assamese chronicles) recount the meeting of Assamese soldiers with "people of the margins"(datiyaliya) and the settlement of 12 families of Lalung and Mikir, i.e. Tiwas and Karbis, in the plains in the 17th century.[11] Tiwa people are closely associated with the principality of Kobâ (Gobha).[12] The Kobâ rajâ (Gobha raja) belongs to a Tiwa clan and his territory covers more or less the Tiwa cultural realm. Kobâ (Gobha) is mentioned in the Buranjis since the early 18th century, as an important market for the trade between Tiwa (Lalung) Kingdom of greater Assam, and the Jaintia Kingdom.[13] These two powerful neighbors have since been competing to keep Kobâ (Gobha) principality under their authority, with varying success. The historical role of Kobâ (Gobha) and the Tiwas as mediators between plains and hills in Central Assam is enacted every year during an old fair, the Jonbeel Mela (Chunbîl Melâ).
The Tiwas were under the Jaintia kingdom but it had to acknowledge the Ahom supremacy during the reign of Pratap Singha. The Gobha raja accepted Jayadhwaj Singha as its overlord in 1659 A.D. Gobha was used as an army base during the reign of Rudra Singha to invade the Jaintia Kingdom. The chief of the Tiwas tried to yoke off the Ahom supremacy during the reign of Siva Singha but was suppressed. This state was formerly an appendages of the government of Guwahati under the Borphukan, but during the Moamoria rebellion, the area came under the rule of the Jaintias.[14]
The Gobha chief who became vassal of the Ahoms during the reign Pratap Singha, died in the Battle of Pandu, fighting from the side of the Ahoms against the Mughals .
Hills Tiwa
editThe Hills Tiwa live in the westernmost areas "The Ancient Lalung - Tiwa Hills" now known as Umswai Valley of Amri Constituency under the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council of Amri block in West Karbi Anglong district (Assam) and as well as in the Northeastern corner of Ri-Bhoi district (Meghalaya). They speak their own Tiwa language which is a part of Tibeto-Burman language of the Bodo-Garo group. They are divided into a dozen clans recognized by specific names which they use as patronymics. Their descent system can be said to be ambilineal.[15] In most cases, the husband goes to live in her wife's family settlement (matrilocality), and their children are included in their mother's clan. However, in about 30% of unions, the woman comes to live with her husband. In such cases, children take the name of their father. This trend is on the rise under the influence of neighbouring populations which are mostly patrilineal. Around 97.98% of Tiwas follow Hinduism blend with their traditional beliefs, and around 1.71% follows Christianity.[citation needed] The Hill Tiwas society is organized around seven old villages which constitute its political as well as ritual center. Each of them harbors a chief (loro) who performs judicial and religious duties for a network of settlements. Old villages are also characterized by their bachelor dormitory (shamadi).
Plains Tiwa
editPlains Tiwa live on the flatlands of the Southern bank of the Brahmaputra valley, The following places below are the areas mostly in Morigaon, Nagaon, Hojai, Kamrup (Rural) and (Metro), Sibsagar, Jorhat, Sonitpur, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji districts. Some of them speak Assamese as their mother tongue. Their descent system is definitely patrilineal. Their patronymics are not derived from their clan's names but are common Assamese surname-names instead (mostly Lalung, Pator, Senapati, Manta, Dekaraja, Dewraja, Bordoloi, Konwar, Doloi, Kakoti, Deka, Dewri, Deuri, Deory, Deori, Bhuyan, etc.). Their religion shares many elements with Assamese Hinduism but remains specific. And plains Tiwa's sang "Godalboriya Geet", plains Tiwa's folk songs sang in Assamese & Tiwa mixed.
Tiwa Language
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Tiwa is spoken in northwestern Karbi Anglong district and further north in parts of Morigaon District / Nagaon District in the plains of Assam. There is a cluster of Tiwa villages in the northeastern Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya. For want of precise knowledge, it is difficult to speak of strictly delimited Tiwa dialects. On the one hand, Tiwa, probably with the exception of the variety of Tiwa spoken near Sonapur in Assam, is a single language, any of its dialects being mutually intelligible with any other. Like most languages of the hill tribes of the Northeast India, Tiwa people do not have their own script. Therefore, they use the Latin script and occasionally use Assamese script.
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Tiwa Clan System
editThe Tiwa community is divided into several Phoit (Wali) and Dilok (divided into exogamous clans and again the clans are sub-divided into many sub-clans) Example - Amsai wali, Marjong wali, Magro, Sagra, Mayong, Lingra, Lumphui, Amkha, Amlera, Amni baro, Amnisa, Rongkhoi baro, Rongkhoisa etc. TheWali or Phoits have their own Loro. The Loro (priest) is the Governor of the 12 Phoits or Wali kingdoms. Now in every Phoits there is a Sat Phuni, Baro Phuni called Khul,Pongos, Khel, Mahar, and Warang. Tiwa have various Khuls, they can marry with other Khul but not with Pongos, Khel, and Warang (means that they are allowed to marry people from other clans). A single khul consists of several Khel Mahar. In every Khul there are different Khel called Warang.
- Note: Khul = Clan,
- (i) Pongos,
- (a) Khel, Warang
The Tiwa clans cooperate with one another as a community, whether constructing a house, harvesting rice, or worshiping. Every clan has its own place of community worship where there is a titular for the clan's god.
| Number | Clans |
|---|---|
| 1 | Agari |
| 2 | Amphi |
| 3 | Amphili |
| 4 | Amchi/Amsi |
| 5 | Amchong/Amsong |
| 6 | Aphi |
| 7 | Agar |
| 8 | Amji |
| 9 | Akawang |
| 10 | Anchong/Ansong |
| 11 | Buma/Puma |
| 12 | Borong |
| 13 | Chagra/Sagra |
| 14 | Cholong/Solong |
| 15 | Chomsol/Somsol |
| 16 | Chongrang/Songrang |
| 17 | Chomchong/Somsong |
| 18 | Chomcha/Somsa |
| 19 | Chongcha/Songsa |
| 20 | Chanchor/Sansor |
| 21 | Cholo/Solo |
| 22 | Darang |
| 23 | Darphang |
| 24 | Daphor |
| 25 | Dakhor |
| 26 | Datrang |
| 27 | Dongkhoi |
| 28 | Damo |
| 29 | Dumura |
| 30 | Hukai |
| 31 | Khorai/Kharai |
| 32 | Kholar |
| 33 | Khajar/Khachar/Khasar |
| 34 | Karkha |
| 35 | Kharal |
| 36 | Khamli |
| 37 | Khonjai |
| 38 | Kocho/Koso |
| 39 | Lumphoi |
| 40 | Ladur |
| 41 | Laram/Lara |
| 42 | Lupu |
| 43 | Madar/Mathar |
| 44 | Madur |
| 45 | Magor |
| 46 | Marjong |
| 47 | Malang/Melang |
| 48 | Machlai/Maslai |
| 49 | Markang |
| 50 | Machereng/Masereng |
| 51 | Mithi |
| 52 | Maloi |
| 53 | Muni |
| 54 | Mathlai |
| 55 | Mothrong/Mosorong |
| 56 | Phangchong/Pamchong/Phangsong/Phamsong |
| 57 | Pulu |
| 58 | Puru/Pu |
| 59 | Radu |
| 60 | Rongkhoi |
| 61 | Taram |
Tiwa Festivals
editFestivals constitute a significant part of the culture of the Tiwa people. There are many festivals of Tiwa people. Tiwa people celebrate several occasions and festivals. The main festivals of the Tiwa ethnic groups are: Three Pisû (Bihu), Borot Kham (Borot Utsav), Kablâ Phûja, Khel Cháwa Kham, Langkhôn Phûja, Sôgra Phûja, Wanshúwa Kham (Wanshuwa), Yanglî Phûja, etc. (Note: Pisû = Bihu Kham = Festivals, Phûja = Puja).They also organize the Jonbeel Mela every year in which the barter system of trade is still prevalent.
In the festivals, the Tiwa communities sing two types of songs. These are:
- Lo Ho La Hai - songs of the ceremony of name-giving, wedding, and harvesting, etc.
- Lali Hilali Lai– song of the marriage ceremony, Karam, and similar festivals.
- Songs and dances are the living spirits of the Tiwa community; the Tiwa people is considered to have one of the richest reservoirs of folk songs and dances in the state of Assam and Meghalaya.
Population
edit
Tiwa population in India is 371,000 approx. (2011 census). But according to the 2001 Census reports 161,000 approx. "Tiwas/Lalungs"; this figure comprises only the Plains Tiwas. As they became a Scheduled Tribe after the 2001 Census, the Hill Tiwas were not taken into account. Their population may be estimated at 10,000 approx. The total number of Tiwa speakers amounts only to 34,800 approx. (2011 Census).
Tiwa Autonomous Council (Tiwashong)
editTiwa people have an autonomous council consisting of 36 seats for their special representation in Assam called the Tiwa Autonomous Council. The last election was held in 2020.[web 2][web 3]
Government (35)
Bharatiya Janata Party: 33
Asom Gana Parishad: 2
Opposition (1)
Indian National Congress: 1
Official status
editTiwas, under the denomination of "Lalung", have been recorded as a Scheduled Tribe since the first Constitution Order (1950) for the State of Assam excluding the autonomous districts of Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills (now named Dima Hasao), thus leaving the Hill Tiwas out. It was only in 2002 that the Tiwa (Lalung) Scheduled Tribe status has been extended to Karbi-Anglong district and thus to the Hill Tiwas. Tiwas still do not benefit the Scheduled Tribe (ST) status in the State of Meghalaya.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
- ^ Driem, George van (12 September 2022). Languages of the Himalayas: Volume 2. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-51492-8.
- ^ Wouters, Jelle J. P.; Subba, Tanka B. (30 September 2022). The Routledge Companion to Northeast India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-63699-4.
- ^ "Many Tiwas account for the cultural dichotomy between hills Tiwas and plains Tiwas in terms of an acculturation to the Assamese dominated plain culture"(Ramirez 2014:20)
- ^ Pha Poroi - Indrasing Dewri, O Ange Tiwa Tosima, retrieved 8 October 2024
- ^ Bhuyan S.K. (ed.) Deodhai Asam Buranji. Gauhati: DHAS, 1932.
- ^ Hunter W. A statistical account of Assam. London: Trubner, 1879.
- ^ "(T)he Tiwas, called Lalungs by their neighbours"(Ramirez 2014:19)
- ^ Shafer, Robert (1952). Athapaskan and Sino-Thibetan. Robert Shafer ...
- ^ Sir George Grierson and the Linguistic Survey of India. 1928.
- ^ Bhuyan S.K. (ed.) Deodhai Asam Buranji. Gauhati: DHAS, 1932.
- ^ (Ramirez 2014, p. 23)
- ^ Bhuyan S.K. (ed.) Deodhai Asam Buranji. Gauhati: DHAS, 1932; p.35.
- ^ (Gogoi 1994:248–49)
- ^ Ramirez, Philippe, People of the Margins, Spectrum, 2014
References
editPrinted sources
edit- Ramirez, Philippe (2014). People of the Margins - Across Ethnic Boundaries in Northeast India. Spectrum Publications.
- Dalton, Edward Tuite (1872). Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Office of the superintendent of government printing.
- Gogoi, Nityananda (1994), Historical Geography of Medieval Assam, EBH Publishers (India)
- Jacquesson, François (2008), "Discovering Boro-Garo: History of an analytical and descriptive linguistic category", European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, 32
Web-sources
edit- ^ Talukdar, Sushanta (9 October 2014). "To Myanmar, in search of a lost clan of the Deoris tribe of Assam". The Hindu.
- ^ "Tiwa autonomous council elections: Tiwa Autonomous Council: BJP wins 16 seats, leading in many others | Guwahati News - Times of India". The Times of India. 19 December 2020.
- ^ "Tiwa Autonomous Council: BJP Registers Landslide Victory".
