Titanium nitride (TiN; sometimes known as tinite) is an extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating on titanium alloys, steel, carbide, and aluminium components to improve the substrate's surface properties.
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Titanium nitride
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| Other names
Titanium(III) nitride
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.042.819 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| TiN | |
| Molar mass | 61.874 g/mol |
| Appearance | Brown as a pure solid, coating of golden color |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 5.21 g/cm3[1] |
| Melting point | 2,947 °C (5,337 °F; 3,220 K)[1] |
| insoluble | |
| 38×10−6 emu/mol | |
| Thermal conductivity | 29 W/(m·K) (323 K)[2] |
| Structure[3] | |
| Face-centered cubic (FCC), cF8 | |
| Fm3m, No. 225 | |
a = 0.4241 nm
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Formula units (Z)
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4 |
| Octahedral | |
| Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
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24 J/(K·mol) (500 K)[2] |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
−95.7 J/(K·mol)[4] |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−336 kJ/mol[4] |
| Related compounds | |
Related coating
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Titanium aluminum nitride |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Applied as a thin coating, TiN is used to harden and protect cutting and sliding surfaces, for decorative purposes (for its golden appearance), and as a non-toxic exterior for medical implants. In most applications a coating of less than 5 micrometres (0.00020 in) is applied.[5]
Characteristics
editTiN has a Vickers hardness of 1800–2100, hardness of 31±4 GPa,[6] a modulus of elasticity of 550±50 GPa,[6] a thermal expansion coefficient of 9.35×10−6 K−1, and a superconducting transition temperature of 5.6 K.[7][6]
TiN oxidizes at 800 °C in a normal atmosphere. It is chemically stable at 20 °C, according to laboratory tests, but can be slowly attacked by concentrated acid solutions with rising temperatures.[7] TiN has a brown color and appears gold when applied as a coating. Depending on the substrate material and surface finish, TiN has a coefficient of friction ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 against another TiN surface (non-lubricated). The typical TiN formation has a crystal structure of NaCl type with a roughly 1:1 stoichiometry; TiNx compounds with x ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 are, however, thermodynamically stable.[8]
TiN becomes superconducting at cryogenic temperatures, with critical temperature up to 6.0 K for single crystals.[9] Superconductivity in thin-film TiN has been studied extensively, with the superconducting properties strongly varying depending on sample preparation, up to complete suppression of superconductivity at a superconductor–insulator transition.[10] A thin film of TiN was chilled to near absolute zero, converting it into the first known superinsulator, with resistance suddenly increasing by a factor of 100,000.[11]
Natural occurrence
editOsbornite is a very rare natural form of titanium nitride, found almost exclusively in meteorites.[12][13]
Uses
edit
A well-known use for TiN coating is for edge retention and corrosion resistance on machine tooling, such as drill bits and milling cutters, often improving their lifetime by a factor of three or more.[14]
Because of the metallic gold color of TiN, this material is used to coat costume jewelry and automotive trim for decorative purposes. TiN is also widely used as a top-layer coating, usually with nickel- or chromium-plated substrates, on consumer plumbing fixtures and door hardware. As a coating, it is used in aerospace and military applications and to protect the sliding surfaces of suspension forks of bicycles and motorcycles, as well as the shock shafts of radio-controlled cars. TiN is also used as a protective coating on the moving parts of many rifles and semi-automatic firearms, as it is extremely durable. As well as being durable, it is also extremely smooth, making removing the carbon build-up extremely easy. TiN is non-toxic, meets FDA guidelines,[15] and has seen use in medical devices such as scalpel blades and orthopedic bone-saw blades, where sharpness and edge retention are important.[16] TiN coatings have also been used in implanted prostheses (especially hip replacement implants) and other medical implants.
Though less visible, thin films of TiN are also used in microelectronics, where they serve as a conductive connection between the active device and the metal contacts used to operate the circuit, while acting as a diffusion barrier to block the diffusion of the metal into the silicon. In this context, TiN is classified as a "barrier metal" (electrical resistivity ~ 25 μΩ·cm[2]), even though it is clearly a ceramic from the perspective of chemistry or mechanical behavior. Recent chip design in the 45 nm technology and beyond also makes use of TiN as a "metal" for improved transistor performance. In combination with gate dielectrics (e.g. HfSiO4) that have a higher permittivity compared to standard SiO2, the gate length can be scaled down with low leakage, higher drive current and the same or better threshold voltage.[17] Additionally, TiN thin films are currently under consideration for coating zirconium alloys for accident-tolerant nuclear fuels.[18][19] It is also used as a coating on some compression driver diaphragms to improve performance.
Owing to their high biostability, TiN layers may also be used as electrodes in bioelectronic applications[20] like in intelligent implants or in-vivo biosensors that have to withstand the severe corrosion caused by body fluids. TiN electrodes have already been applied in the subretinal prosthesis project[21] as well as in biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS).[22]
Fabrication
edit
The most common methods of TiN thin film creation are physical vapor deposition (PVD, usually sputter deposition, cathodic arc deposition or electron-beam heating) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).[23] In both methods, pure titanium is sublimed and reacted with nitrogen in a high-energy, vacuum environment. TiN film may also be produced on Ti workpieces by reactive growth (for example, annealing) in a nitrogen atmosphere. PVD is preferred for steel parts because the deposition temperatures exceeds the austenitizing temperature of steel. TiN layers are also sputtered on a variety of higher-melting-point materials such as stainless steels, titanium and titanium alloys.[24] Its high Young's modulus (values between 450 and 590 GPa have been reported in the literature[25]) means that thick coatings tend to flake away, making them much less durable than thin ones. Titanium-nitride coatings can also be deposited by thermal spraying whereas TiN powders are produced by nitridation of titanium with nitrogen or ammonia at 1200 °C.[7]
Bulk ceramic objects can be fabricated by packing powdered metallic titanium into the desired shape, compressing it to the proper density, then igniting it in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen. The heat released by the chemical reaction between the metal and gas is sufficient to sinter the nitride reaction product into a hard, finished item. See powder metallurgy.
Other commercial variants
edit
There are several commercially used variants of TiN that have been developed since 2010, such as titanium carbon nitride (TiCN), titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN or AlTiN), and titanium aluminum carbon nitride, which may be used individually or in alternating layers with TiN. These coatings offer similar or superior enhancements in corrosion resistance and hardness, and additional colors ranging from light gray to nearly black, to a dark, iridescent, bluish-purple, depending on the exact process of application. These coatings are becoming common on sporting goods, particularly knives and handguns, where they are used for both aesthetic and functional reasons.
As a constituent in steel
editTitanium nitride is also produced intentionally, within some steels, by judicious addition of titanium to the alloy. TiN forms at very high temperatures because of its very low enthalpy of formation, and even nucleates directly from the melt in secondary steel-making. It forms discrete, micrometre-sized cubic particles at grain boundaries and triple points, and prevents grain growth by Ostwald ripening up to very high homologous temperatures. Titanium nitride has the lowest solubility product of any metal nitride or carbide in austenite, a useful attribute in microalloyed steel formulas.
References
edit- ^ a b Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.92. ISBN 9781498754293.
- ^ a b c Lengauer, W.; Binder, S.; Aigner, K.; Ettmayer, P.; Guillou, A.; de Buigne, J.; Groboth, G. (1995). "Solid state properties of group IV‑b carbonitrides". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 217: 137–147. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)01315-9.
- ^ Lengauer, Walter (1992). "Properties of bulk δ-TiN1−x prepared by nitrogen diffusion into titanium metal". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 186 (2): 293–307. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(92)90016-3.
- ^ a b Wang, Wei-E (1996). "Partial thermodynamic properties of the Ti-N system". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 233 (1–2): 89–95. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(96)80039-9.
- ^ "TiN (Titanium Nitride) – Surface Coating". Retrieved 2024-02-17.
- ^ a b c Stone, D. S.; Yoder, K. B.; Sproul, W. D. (1991). "Hardness and elastic modulus of TiN based on continuous indentation technique and new correlation". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A. 9 (4): 2543–2547. Bibcode:1991JVSTA...9.2543S. doi:10.1116/1.577270.
- ^ a b c Pierson, Hugh O., ed. (1996). Handbook of Refractory Carbides and Nitrides: Properties, characteristics, processing, and applications. William Andrew. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8155-1392-6 – via Google Books.
- ^ Toth, L. E. (1971). Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides. New York, NY: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-695950-5.
- ^ Spengler, W.; et al. (1978). "Raman scattering, superconductivity, and phonon density of states of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric TiN". Physical Review B. 17 (3): 1095–1101. Bibcode:1978PhRvB..17.1095S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.17.1095.
- ^ Baturina, T. I.; et al. (2007). "Localized superconductivity in the quantum-critical region of the disorder-driven superconductor-insulator transition in TiN thin films". Physical Review Letters. 99 (25): 257003. arXiv:0705.1602. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99y7003B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.257003. PMID 18233550. S2CID 518088.
- ^ "Newly discovered 'superinsulators' promise to transform materials research, electronics design". PhysOrg.com. 2008-04-07.
- ^ "Osbornite". Mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. Retrieved Feb 29, 2016.
- ^ "Osbornite mineral data". Mineralogy Database. David Barthelmy. Sep 5, 2012. Retrieved Oct 6, 2015.
- ^ "Titanium Nitride (TiN) Coating". Surface Solutions. June 2014.
- ^ "Titanium-Nitride Coating Special" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Aug 21, 2002. Retrieved Sep 22, 2024.
- ^ Green, Julissa (Feb 23, 2024). "Titanium Nitride Overview: Properties, Production, and Uses". Sputter Targets. Retrieved Sep 22, 2024.
- ^ Dziura, Thaddeus G.; Bunday, Benjamin; Smith, Casey; Hussain, Muhammad M.; Harris, Rusty; Zhang, Xiafang; Price, Jimmy M. (2008). "Measurement of high-k and metal film thickness on FinFET sidewalls using scatterometry". Proceedings of SPIE. Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XXII. 6922 (2): 69220V. Bibcode:2008SPIE.6922E..0VD. doi:10.1117/12.773593. S2CID 120728898.
- ^ Tunes, Matheus A.; da Silva, Felipe C.; Camara, Osmane; Schön, Claudio G.; Sagás, Julio C.; Fontana, Luis C.; et al. (December 2018). "Energetic particle irradiation study of TiN coatings: are these films appropriate for accident tolerant fuels?" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear Materials. 512: 239–245. Bibcode:2018JNuM..512..239T. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.10.013.
- ^ Alat, Ece; Motta, Arthur T.; Comstock, Robert J.; Partezana, Jonna M.; Wolfe, Douglas E. (September 2016). "Multilayer (TiN, TiAlN) ceramic coatings for nuclear fuel cladding". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 478: 236–244. Bibcode:2016JNuM..478..236A. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.05.021.
- ^ Birkholz, M.; Ehwald, K.-E.; Wolansky, D.; Costina, I.; Baristiran-Kaynak, C.; Fröhlich, M.; et al. (2010). "Corrosion-resistant metal layers from a CMOS process for bioelectronic applications". Surf. Coat. Technol. 204 (12–13): 2055–2059. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.09.075.
- ^ Hämmerle, Hugo; Kobuch, Karin; Kohler, Konrad; Nisch, Wilfried; Sachs, Helmut; Stelzle, Martin (2002). "Biostability of micro-photodiode arrays for subretinal implantation". Biomaterials. 23 (3): 797–804. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00185-5. PMID 11771699.
- ^ Birkholz, M.; Ehwald, K.-E.; Kulse, P.; Drews, J.; Fröhlich, M.; Haak, U.; et al. (2011). "Ultrathin TiN membranes as a technology platform for CMOS-integrated MEMS and BioMEMS devices". Advanced Functional Materials. 21 (9): 1652–1654. doi:10.1002/adfm.201002062.
- ^ "Wear coatings for industrial products". Diffusion Alloys. Archived from the original on 2013-05-19. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ "Coatings". Coating Services Group. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
- ^ Abadias, G. (2008). "Stress and preferred orientation in nitride based PVD coatings". Surf. Coat. Technol. 202 (11): 2223–2235. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.029.