Toros I[1] (Armenian: Թորոս Ա), also Thoros I,[2][3] (unknown[citation needed] – 1129[1] / February 17, 1129 – February 16, 1130[citation needed]) was the third lord of Armenian Cilicia[1] (c. 1100[1] / 1102 / 1103[citation needed] – 1129[1] / 1130[citation needed]).
| Toros I Թորոս Ա | |
|---|---|
| Lord of Armenian Cilicia | |
| Reign | c. 1100 – 1129/1130 |
| Predecessor | Constantine I |
| Successor | Constantine II |
| Born | 1070/71 |
| Died | 1129 / February 17, 1129 – February 16, 1130 |
| Burial | Monastery of Drazark |
| Issue | Constantine II (?) Oshin |
| House | Roupenians |
| Father | Constantine I |
| Mother | An unnamed great-granddaughter of Bardas Phokas |
His life
editToros was the elder son of Constantine I, lord of Armenian Cilicia.[4]
In 1107,[1] encouraged by Tancred, Prince of Antioch, Toros followed the course of the Pyramus River (today the river Ceyhan in Turkey), and seized the strongholds of Anazarbus (a place which had been considered impregnable) and Sis (ancient city).[5] Toros extensively rebuilt the fortifications at both fortresses with tall circuit walls and massive round towers.[6] A beautifully executed dedicatory inscription on the church (dated ca. A.D.1111) records his triumph, and most importantly, traces his Rubenid genealogy.[7][8]
In 1111, Sultan Malik Shah of Konya entered Armenian territories. Levon saved the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia into falling in the hands of the Turks.[1]
His death occurred during 1129.[1]
Marriage and children
editThe name of Toros's wife is not known.[citation needed]
- Constantine II of Cilicia (? – after February 17, 1129)[citation needed]
- (?) Oshin (? – after February 17, 1129)[citation needed]
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Ghazarian, Jacob G. The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1093).
- ^ Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades – Volume II.: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East: 1100–1187.
- ^ Kurkjian, Vahan M (1958). A History of Armenia. Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. p. 217. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ Ghazarian 2018, p. 49.
- ^ Kurkjian 1958, p. 219
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Edwards, Robert W. The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia.
- ^ Edwards, Robert W. Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: First Report.
- ^ Edwards, Robert W. Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Second Report.
Sources
edit- Edwards, Robert W.: The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII; Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 1987, Washington, D.C.; ISBN 0-88402-163-7
- Edwards, Robert W.: “Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: First Report,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers vol. 36; Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 1982, Washington, D.C.; ISBN 0-88402-114-9
- Edwards, Robert W.: “Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Second Report,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers vol. 37; Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 1983, Washington, D.C.; ISBN 0-88402-121-1
- Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2018). The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1093). Taylor & Francis.
- Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
edit- Armenian History page on Cilicia
- Armenian History page on Thorus I
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 365–366.
- Armenian History page on Cilician history[permanent dead link]
- The Barony of Cilician Armenia (Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch. 27)
- Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle