Zirconium, 40Zr
Zirconium
Pronunciation/zɜːrˈkniəm/ (zur-KOH-nee-əm)
Appearancesilvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Zr)
Zirconium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Ti

Zr

Hf
yttriumzirconiumniobium
Atomic number (Z)40
Groupgroup 4
Periodperiod 5
Block  d-block
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d2 5s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point2125 K ​(1852 °C, ​3365 °F)
Boiling point4650 K ​(4377 °C, ​7911 °F)
Density (at 20° C)6.505 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)5.8 g/cm3
Heat of fusion14 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization591 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity25.36 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 2639 2891 3197 3575 4053 4678
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: 4
−2,[4] 0,[5] 1,[6] 2,[7][8] 3[6]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.33
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 640.1 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1270 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2218 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 160 pm
Covalent radius175±7 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of zirconium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structurehexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants
Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure for zirconium
a = 323.22 pm
c = 514.79 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion5.69×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3][a]
Thermal conductivity22.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity421 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic[9]
Young's modulus88 GPa
Shear modulus33 GPa
Bulk modulus91.1 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod3800 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.34
Mohs hardness5.0
Vickers hardness820–1800 MPa
Brinell hardness638–1880 MPa
CAS Number7440-67-7
History
Namingafter zircon, zargun زرگون meaning "gold-colored".
DiscoveryMartin Heinrich Klaproth (1789)
First isolationJöns Jakob Berzelius (1824)
Isotopes of zirconium
Main isotopes[10] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
88Zr synth 83.4 d ε 88Y
γ
89Zr synth 78.4 h ε 89Y
β 89Y
γ
90Zr 51.5% stable
91Zr 11.2% stable
92Zr 17.1% stable
93Zr trace 1.53×106 y β 93Nb
94Zr 17.4% stable
95Zr synth 64.032 d β 95Nb
96Zr 2.80% 2.34×1019 y ββ 96Mo
 Category: Zirconium
| references
Zr · Zirconium
Y ←

ibox Y

iso
40
Zr  [e]
IB-Zr [e]
IBisos [e]
⊟ Nb

ibox Nb

indexes by PT (page)
child table, as reused in {IB-Zr}
Main isotopes of zirconium
Main isotopes[10] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
88Zr synth 83.4 d ε 88Y
γ
89Zr synth 78.4 h ε 89Y
β 89Y
γ
90Zr 51.5% stable
91Zr 11.2% stable
92Zr 17.1% stable
93Zr trace 1.53×106 y β 93Nb
94Zr 17.4% stable
95Zr synth 64.032 d β 95Nb
96Zr 2.80% 2.34×1019 y ββ 96Mo
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (46) · (this table: )

Notes

  1. ^ The thermal expansion of a zirconium crystal is anisotropic: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 4.91×10−6/K, αc = 7.26×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 5.69×10−6/K.[3]

References

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Zirconium". CIAAW. 2024.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ a b c d Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
  4. ^ Zr(–2) is known in Zr(CO)2−6; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
  5. ^ Zr(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Zr and [(η5-C5R5Zr(CO)4], see Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. doi:10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5. ISBN 9780080450476.
  6. ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  7. ^ Calderazzo, Fausto; Pampaloni, Guido (January 1992). "Organometallics of groups 4 and 5: Oxidation states II and lower". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 423 (3): 307–328. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(92)83126-3.
  8. ^ Ma, Wen; Herbert, F. William; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yildiz, Bilge (2015-03-09). "Non-equilibrium oxidation states of zirconium during early stages of metal oxidation". Applied Physics Letters. 106 (10). Bibcode:2015ApPhL.106j1603M. doi:10.1063/1.4914180. hdl:1721.1/104888. ISSN 0003-6951.
  9. ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  10. ^ a b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.