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Tut.By

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Tut.By was an independent news, media and service internet portal, one of the five most popular websites in Belarus[1] in the Russian language, and the most popular news web portal in the country.[2][3] After its owning company was closed down by the Minsk Economic Court in June 2022, its successor Zerkalo.io (meaning Mirror) remains online as of September 2022.

TUT.BY
Type of site
Internet portal
Available inRussian
OwnerTUT BY MEDIA LLC
Created byYury Zisser
URLhttp://tut.by/
CommercialYes
RegistrationFree
LaunchedOctober 5, 2000
Current statusInactive

TUT.BY was based in Minsk, Belarus.[4] In 2019, the website was read by 62.58% of all Belarusian Internet users[5] with monthly visits rating around 200 million.[6]

Tut.By published around 200 articles on domestic and foreign agenda daily, including original stories and video, analytics, special projects, and online broadcasts. Apart from the news section, Tut.By had numerous specialized sections (Auto, Lady, Finance, Afisha, Realty, Sport) and services like weather and exchange rates.[7] The editorial standard claimed to prioritize socially important topics on Belarus and world agenda[8] in compliance with Journalism ethics.[9]

Tut.by was registered as an online media service on January 21, 2019.[10]

On October 1, 2020, following coverage by Tut.By of the 2020 Belarusian protests, Tut.By had its media credentials revoked for three months by the Ministry of Information, citing a court order that found that Tut.By published "prohibited information". Tut.By stated that it intended to continue operating.[11] On July 8, the former Tut.By team launched a new service, Zerkalo.io, which was intended to continue the operations until the comeback of Tut.By became possible.[12] On August 13, 2021, Tut.By and Zerkalo.io and all their content were declared extremist by the Central District court of Minsk.[13] On February 24, 2022, it was blocked in Russia for its coverage of the Russo-Ukrainian war.[14] On June 14, 2022, TUT BY Media company that issued TUT.by was declared extremist by Minsk Economic Court. The court ordered to dissolve the company, prohibited all operations in Belarus and banned using its logos and symbols.[15]

In June 2023, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus designated Zerkalo as an extremist formation.[16]

History

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Launch and early years

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In March 2000, tech journalist Sergey Dmitriev posted on the forum of the newspaper Komp'yuternyye vesti (lit. "Computer News") that he had an idea to create a free Belarusian email service. The post attracted the attention of Yuri Zisser, then the head of the private enterprise "Nadezhnyye programmy". On March 15, 2000, they had their first personal meeting; this day is considered to be the start of Tut.By. Dmitriev invited two Komp'yuternyye vesti journalists, Andrey Kononovich and Kirill Voloshin, while Zisser invited Danil Rudenko, a first-year BSUIR student and programmer with experience in developing e-mail services and websites. Kononovich, Voloshin and Rudenko contributed to the launch of the project. The portal was named by Zisser's friend Nikolay Romanovsky, other variants were ‘holub.by’ and ‘busel.by’.[17][18] The founders wanted Tut.By to become the Belarusian equivalent of Yahoo! and copied its business model. Development started in July and was finished in autumn 2000.[19][20]

Tut.By was launched on October 5, 2000, and within months it became the most visited site on Bynet [be].[21] At first, it consisted of a free email service, news, weather forecast, currency rates, fuel prices, and a guest book. Later in 2000, a forum was added, and soon the Hoster.by hosting provider was registered.[22] In 2000 Tut.By had more than 20,000 unique visitors daily,[23] and by April 2001, daily traffic reached 1.2 million visits.[20] Yury Zisser was awarded the "Person of the Year on ByNet" title in 2002.[24]

In January 2002, the E-commerce centre was launched to provide free and paid services in site development, design, promotion, hosting, and domain registration.[25] In October 2002 the project became profitable, with around 75% of income received from Hosting.by services and only 25% from advertisements.[22][26] By the end of 2004, more than 30 theme sections were separated, including music, culture, and education. At the same time, Kirill Voloshin was awarded the "Person of the Year on ByNet" prize.[24] In 2004 Marina Zolotova took the post of editor-in-chief.[27]

In the beginning, Tut.By functioned as a news aggregator, a digest with a strong shift to business and economics.[28][29] It published news from such agencies as Interfax, BelTA, and Kp.by.[30] In 2005, the marketplace Shop.tut.by was launched, then followed by a Finance section with data on currency rates, savings, credits, and personal finance management service. At the end of 2006, Tut.By launched an IT department, and a year later, a web-journals section was added. The company had 18 employees then. In the same year, 85% of annual revenue was brought by advertising, with the rest brought by hosting services.[31][25] In December 2007 the portal launched its radio.[23][32][33]

In February 2008, I.tut.by for personal communication was launched, uniting all the existing social services of Tut.By.[25][34] By 2013, it had more than 246,000 registered users.[35]

In 2009, Tut.By went international. In collaboration with Russian and Kazakhstan partners, it launched the Nur.kz news portal.[24] From 2010 to 2012, similar partnerships were made with Azerbaijan (Day.az), Uzbekistan (Olam.az), and Nigeria (Naij.com).[25] Naji.com soon grew to 250,000 unique users and its Facebook page gained 0.5 million subscribers.[33]

2010s

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In the 2010s, the company continued its rapid development. By 2011 the staff grew to 50 extrabudgetary and 90 office workers.[24] The mobile site version was launched and soon had more than 19,000 unique visitors per day.[33] In Autumn 2012, the marketplace was launched. In 2013, the first regional office was opened in Gomel.[36] As of 2013, Tut.by homepage got 503,000 unique visitors daily,[37] in 2014 Tut.by had 47.89% of all audience on ByNet.[38]

By 2015, forums at Tut.by accumulated more than 240,000 threads and 16.5 mln posts.[39] In 2015, the catalog of Belarusian enterprises was separated into an independent editors office and received a new name Tam.by (wordplay ‘Tut’ lit. meaning ‘Here’ and ‘Tam’ meaning ‘There’).[40]

In 2016, Tut.by had more than 780.000 unique visitors daily and more than 7.7 mln views, its staff almost reached 300 employees.[41] That year on weekdays around 200 articles were published on the main page.[42] I.Tut.by social network accumulated 150.000 registered users by 2016.[43]

In 2017, TUT.BY was recognized as a well-known trademark in Belarus. It pioneered quality infographics on the ByNet, making this visualization tool an important part of the News section.[44] The company's public account on Viber became the most popular among other media and reached 285.000 subscribers.[45][46][47] In 2017, Rabota.tut.by had more than 155.000 active resumes and 19392 vacancies published.[48] In March 2018, Belarusian audience of TUT.BY for the first overtook big online platforms like Yandex, Mail.Ru, and YouTube.[49]

As of 2019, more than 8.5 mln Tut.by pages were stored in Google index. More than 70% of users visited the site's mobile version[50] According to Tut.by, in May 2019 a new record was set as news of all subdomains got 178 million views (web apps, according to Yandex.Metrica).[51]

2020s

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The founder of Tut.by Yury Zisser passed away on May 17, 2020.[52]

On May 29, 2020, the site was DDoSed and down for several hours. The attack coincided in time with the arrest of blogger Sergey Tikhanovsky, who had recently announced his run for presidency.[53][54]

On August 9, 2020, the president of Belarus promised to punish tut.by for its election-related reporting, and the website went offline.[55]

On 13 August 2021, tut.by and zerkalo.io and all their content were declared extremist by the Central district court of Minsk.[13]

In June 2023, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus designated Zerkalo as an extremist formation.[16]

Social responsibility and non-commercial projects

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In 2003, Tut.by established the Belarusian Content Projects Award for promising noncommercial websites. The competition significantly contributed to the development of independent media in ByNet.[7]

Since 2012, Hoster.by has initiated domain name auctions. All the income is donated to orphanages across Belarus.[56][57][58][59]

In August 2014, TUT.BY launched a non-commercial project BelarusFeed, targeted on the foreign audience who is interested in Belarus and wants to visit the country.[60][61]

In 2014, the company joined the UN Sustainable Development programme.[62] Since then the company annually published Sustainability reports on its initiatives in human rights and environment protection.[41] In the same year TUT.BY and life:) mobile operator launched the Freebasics project, a joint initiative to ensure the availability of mobile Internet.[63] TUT.BY supplied news for the project alongside Wikipedia, UN Women and others. Among other projects, TUT.BY and BelarusFeed created a collection of postcards “Welcome To Belarus”. The postcards were handed out to foreigners travelling to Belarus to mark the introduction of the 5 days visa-free entry.[64]

In 2017, TUT.BY was among 30 Belarusian companies that signed the “Cooperation agreement of the socially responsible companies in Belarus in the implementation of corporate social responsibility projects”. The agreement was initiated by the local social fund Fond Dobra, part of the UN Global Compact Network Belarus.[65] In November 2018, TUT.BY became the info partner in the II European Games 2019.[66]

State censorship and independent media

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In the late 2000s, the editors office decided to change course from news aggregator to independent journalism with its own texts, reports, and investigations.[30] Though big agencies usually could publish the news instantly, Tut.by won his audience by giving the news with “a human touch”, without state censorship and in compliance with journalist ethics. Social issues and events with a public outcry were developed by Tut.by staff journalists and users could openly share their opinions via comments and on the site's forum.[67][29]

On December 19, 2014, Tut.by was blocked in Belarus for several hours. Officially called DDoS attack, the blockage was actually a part of a massive strike against the country's independent media.[68] In December 2014 the amendments to state Mass Media Act were issued, putting the responsibility for any comments on a website upon its owners. Consequently, Tut.by had to relocate its forums to a new domain name talks.by to avoid blockage for user comments.[39]

On December 25, 2016, Tut.by journalist Pavel Dobrovolsky was beaten by police officers directly in the Frunzienski district court. Dobrovolsky was on professional duty, covering the hearing of the case of two graffiti artists.[69] OSCE called this situation unacceptable and called authorities to ensure the journalist's safety.[70] According to the portal analysis, at least three attacks on journalists happen in Belarus annually.[71]

In 2017, State Ministry of Information issued a warning to editors office for an article on Belarusian citizens who fought at the Donbass war. Though the government itself acknowledged that at least 140 Belarusians took an active part in the fights, the article was called by the Ministry to be “threatening to the State's interests”. According to the Belarusian law, two official warnings in a year could lead to the site's blockage.[72][73] In a 2017 interview, the founder of TUT.BY Yuri Zisser mentioned that there were serious issues with freedom of speech in Belarus and only gradual, civilized dialog with the government and much effort could turn the situation to the best.[74][22] Zisser received the “Advocacy Leader 2016” award from the Assembly of business circles for his lasting effort to promote this dialogue between business and government.[75]

In 2018, the so-called BelTA case took place. In June 2018 the editor-in-chief Marina Zolotova and 14 other employees of Tut.by were arrested for alleged unauthorized access to information from a state news agency BelTA.[76][22] All except Zolotova were released soon, who was charged under the Criminal Code.[77][78][79] OSCE Representative Harlem Désir called the case and massive fine to be ‘deeply alarming’,[80] BAJ representative called it an intimidation signal for all independent journalists in Belarus.[81][82] The court sentenced Zolotova to a fine of 7,650 rubels.[83] Later Zolotova recalled how former Minister of information Lilia Ananich [be-tarask] invited directors of the leading independent media and advised them on the desired way to describe the economic situation in the country, asking not to “rock the boat”.[6]

2021 crackdown

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On May 18, 2021, the authorities blocked Tut.by accusing it of publishing 'prohibited information', including the content about "unregistered" Belarus Solidarity Foundation (BYSOL). BYSOL is an organization that supports victims of repressions in Belarus. The officials raided Tut.by office and homes of the staff. On the same day a criminal case has been initiated, accusing the website of tax fraud.[84]

On the same day 15 journalists, including Marina Zolotova, Anastasiya Prudnikava, Dzianis Burkouski, Maksim Pushkin, Ala Burkouskaya, were arrested and sent to the infamous Okrestina detention centre.[85][86][87] Yury Zisser's widow cultural scientist Yulia Chernyavskaya was also detained and soon found by journalists in the cardiovascular care unit of Minsk hospital.[88][89] The tax fraud charges pressed on Tut.by and its employees are acknowledged as fabricated and pursue only the goal to further block independent media in the country.[90][91]

On August 13, 2021, Tut.by, as well as its project, Zerkalo.io, were declared 'extremist' by the court ruling.[92] Marina Zolotova faces up to seven years in prison.[93] In early October 2021 a new criminal case was opened against Tut.by and its staff for alleged incitement to hatred.[94][95]

Zisser's widow was released only on January 13, 2022. Former Deputy Chief Accountant Maria Novik, Vice Director Irina Rybalka and Chief Accountant Angela Asad were released under a gag order without dropping charges.[87] On March 17, 2022, three more staff members were released under the same conditions: Chief Editor of Political and Economical News Block, Deputy Technical Director Alexander Daineko and manager of Publisher Box Andrew Avdeev. While imprisoned, Loiko lost her father and was unable to help her sister during an 8.5 months course of medical treatment.[96][97]

As of March 17, 2022, 5 women were still imprisoned: Executive Director Ludmila Chekina, Former Chief Editor Marina Zolotova, Chief Engineer Alla Lopatko, Project Manager of TAM.by Daria Danilova, and journalist Elena Tolkacheva.[96]

On June 14, 2022, TUT BY Media company that issued TUT.by was declared extremist by Minsk Economic Court. The court ordered to dissolve the company, prohibited all operations in Belarus and banned using its logos and symbols.[15]

By June 18, 2022, Tolkacheva and all other employees of Tut.by except Zolotova and Chekina were released from prison, however, they remained suspects, most of them have been put on the KGB terrorist list. Although it was initially stated that they would only face economic charges, on January 9, 2023, Zolotova and Chekina were officially accused of "inciting hatred" and "calls for sanctions, other actions aimed at harming the national security of the Republic of Belarus" under chapters 243.2 and 361.3 of State Criminal Code.[98][99] In March 2023, both Zolotova and Chekina were sentenced to 12 years in a general regime penal colony.[100]

Awards

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  • Winner in the nomination “Most popular and visited Internet portal in the Republic of Belarus” (International festival and contest Choice Of The Year 2002).[24]
  • Best PR project with advanced web marketing by PRemiya 2003.[24]
  • Finalist at the Kyiv International Advertising Festival in 2004.[24]
  • “Leader brand” according to the nationwide poll in the product group “Information websites” in 2004, 2005,[24] 2013,[101] 2014 and 2015.
  • Best search engine at TIBO 2005.[102]
  • Best News Portal Prize at Golden Site Awards 2005.[103]
  • Brand of the Year Award winner in News Web Portal in 2007, 2008,[104] 2009, 2010,[24][105] 2013[106]
  • Best Search Engine at Belarus Choice of the Year Award 2009.[24]
  • Brand of the Year Award winner in Socially Responsible Brand and Brand Leader in 2010.[24]
  • Best IT company in Belarus in nominations Team Spirit and Collective Work and Best Company (under 200 employees)[24]
  • 2015 – TUT.BY named a socially responsible mass media source for the regular coverage of the CSR projects of Belarusian business (the award for corporate social responsibility by the International social economic fund Idea).
  • 2016 – Winner among internet portals in the consumer nomination of the professional republican contest Brand Of The Year.
  • 2016 – CEO Alexander Chekan got the ‘Mentor of the Year’ Award.[107]
  • TUT.BY became an 11-times winner in the category “Information websites” at Brand Of The Year 2017.[108]
  • Afisha.TUT.BY and Realty.TUT.BY won the nomination “Media with the best audience involvement”.
  • In 2018 42.TUT.BY was among the winners of the international internet-media award ‘Mediator’. Lady.TUT.BY won the nomination “Most read media” in 2018.[109]
  • TUT.BY сhief editor Marina Zolotova was named Person Of The Year 2018 by Nasha Niva newspaper and became the first laureate of the Belarusian Journalism Honor award. The award was established in memory of Ales Lipai, the founder of the BelaPAN information agency. The award is presented to journalists who combine professional achievements with civil action and contribute to the development of the media in Belarus and the emergence of the country as a democratic state.[110]
  • In February 2019, YouTube sent the “Silver Button” (an award handed to the authors of popular channels) to TUT.BY as the portal's video channel reached 100,000 subscribers.[111]
  • In May 2019 TUT.BY topped the Media IQ ranking as the Belarusian media with best compliance to journalism ethics.[112]
  • In August 2021, TUT.BY got the Free Media Award.[113]

References

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  69. ^ "Павел Добровольский: "Это все одна система, но останавливаться я не намерен"" [Pavel Dobrovolsky: It's a United System, but I Won't Stop] (in Russian). Belgazeta. March 2, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  70. ^ "Belarus: OSCE Representative condemns attack on journalist and calls on authorities to ensure media freedom". European Union. February 3, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  71. ^ "TUT.by подсчитал: журналистов в Беларуси бьют, в среднем, по три в год" [Tut.by Estimates: at Least 3 Attacks on Journalists in Belarus per Year] (in Russian). Mediakritika. January 29, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  72. ^ "Белорусам, участвующим в чужой войне, на родине светит уголовная статья "Наемничество"" [Belarusians at Foreign Wars Could be Charged for Mercenary Activities at Home] (in Russian). Belarus Today. February 10, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  73. ^ "Мининформ вынес предупреждение порталу TUT.BY" [Ministry of Information to Warn Tut.by] (in Russian). Mediakritika. March 17, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  74. ^ ""Если TUT.BY избавится от "желтизны", то не будет первым": интервью с Юрием Зиссером" [Yury Zisser: Tut.by Has to be Yellow to be the First] (in Russian). The Village Belarus. October 17, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  75. ^ Sverdlov, P. (March 1, 2017). "Зиссер: Кризис заставил власти прислушиваться к бизнесу" (in Russian). Europe Radio. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  76. ^ "Журналист перед судом: один день с обвиняемой по "делу БелТА"" (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. February 11, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  77. ^ "BREAKING: Minsk Court Files Verdict In BelTA Case". Belarus Feed. March 4, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  78. ^ "Witnesses Claim Pressure And Intimidation. TUT.BY vs BelTA Trial Goes On". Belarus Feed. February 15, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  79. ^ "Директор БелТА объяснила, за что задержали редакторов TUT.BY и "БелаПАН"" [BelTa Director on Arrests of Tut.by and BelaPan Chief Editors] (in Russian). The Village Minsk. June 7, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  80. ^ "OSCE reacts to punishment requested for Maryna Zolatava". Belsat Eu. February 27, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  81. ^ "Приговор Марине Золотовой – сигнал всем журналистам" (in Russian). Belsat Eu. March 4, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  82. ^ "Belarus Detains 18 Journalists in Raids at Independent Outlets". NY Times. September 8, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  83. ^ "Главреда tut.by приговорили к штрафу в $3,6 тыс. по "делу БелТА"" [Tut.by Chief Editor Sentenced to $3.600 Fine] (in Russian). Interfax. March 4, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  84. ^ "TUT.BY: Independent Belarus media website blocked after series of raids". Euronews. May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  85. ^ "Мы все — свидетели умышленного убийства Tut.by" [We All Witness Tut.by Murder] (in Russian). Meduza. May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  86. ^ "Tut.by уже не тут" [Tut.by Blocked by Authorities] (in Russian). Kommersant. May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  87. ^ a b "Yа свободе еще трое политзаключенных по "делу TUT.BY"" [Three Political Prisoners Released during Tut.by Investigation] (in Russian). BAJ. March 17, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  88. ^ "Вдова Зиссера Юлия Чернявская под домашним арестом" [Home Arrest for Yury Zisser's Widow Yulia Chernyavskaya] (in Russian). BAJ. May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  89. ^ "Belarusian authorities briefly detain 4 Tut.by journalists; at least 13 staff remain in custody". CPJ. May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  90. ^ "Death threats and arrests: Belarus opposition media struggles at home and abroad" (in Russian). The Japan Times. May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  91. ^ "Belarus's Exiled Opposition Leader Says President Lukashenko Is Operating With 'Impunity' After Journalist Arrest". TIME. May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  92. ^ "Белорусский суд признал экстремистским заблокированный сайт Tut.by. А также Zerkalo.io — новый проект бывшей команды Tut.by". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  93. ^ "Editor Marina Zolotova faces jail in 'revenge for reporting on Belarus crackdown'". The Times. June 1, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  94. ^ Isachenko, A. (October 8, 2021). "Новое уголовное дело TUT.by, массовые задержания за посты о Зельцере: главное в Беларуси за неделю" [New Criminal Case on TUT.by, Mass Detainment for Comments about Zeltser] (in Russian). BBC Russia. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  95. ^ "В Беларуси завели новое уголовное дело в отношении сотрудников Tut.by" [Tut.by Staff Faces New Criminal Charges] (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  96. ^ a b "В Беларуси из СИЗО вышли еще трое бывших сотрудников портала TUT.BY" [Three More TUT.By Employees Released in Belarus] (in Russian). Current Time TV. March 17, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  97. ^ "У политзаключенного редактора TUT.BY Ольги Лойко умер отец" [Political Prisoner Olga Loiko Lost Her Father] (in Russian). Belsat.eu. April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  98. ^ "Тут всё очень плохо" [Everything is very bad] (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta Europe. January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  99. ^ "Марину Золотову и Людмилу Чекину включили в "список террористов"" [Marina Zolotova and Ludmila Chekina put on the terrorist list] (in Russian). Nasha Niva. October 20, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  100. ^ "Twelve years' imprisonment". Meduza. March 17, 2023.
  101. ^ "Победители конкурса «БРЭНД ГОДА 2013» (фото)" [Brand of Year 2013 Winners] (in Russian). Marketing.by. January 27, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  102. ^ "Tut.By как лучший поисковик" (in Russian). KV.by. 2005. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  103. ^ "5 лет Tut.By" (in Russian). KV.by. 2005. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  104. ^ "TUT.BY назван белорусами "Брэндом года"" [Tut.by Is Chosen Brand of Year by Belarusians] (in Russian). Business Mogilev. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  105. ^ "Активная социальная позиция TUT.BY получила признание на конкурсе "Брэнд года 2010"" (in Russian). Tut.by. January 26, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  106. ^ "Компании «МТС» и «Твоя столица» стали обладателями Гран-при конкурса «Бренд года 2013»" (in Russian). Naviny.by. January 25, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  107. ^ "Александр Чекан стал "Ментором года" в Беларуси" (in Russian). Dev By Media. November 16, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  108. ^ "БРЕНД ГОДА". brendgoda.by. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  109. ^ ""Медиатор" назвал самые читаемые интернет-СМИ и медиатренды" (in Russian). Adwillad.com. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  110. ^ "Марина Золотова стала лауреатом премии "Гонар журналістыкі" имени Алеся Липая" [Marina Zolotova Wins Journalist Award] (in Russian). April 9, 2019.
  111. ^ "Александр Демидович, TUT.BY: Нативные спецпроекты в видео формате — тренд, но это неточно" [Alexander Demidovich, Tut.by: Native Special Projects in Video is a Trend, but Maybe Not] (in Russian). Marketing.by. February 19, 2019.
  112. ^ "Рекордсмен по пропаганде в марте — телеканал СТВ" [STV Hits the Record in Propaganda] (in Russian). Media IQ. April 30, 2019.
  113. ^ Кепински, Ольга (August 12, 2021). "Все награды Free Media Awards присуждены белорусским журналистам" (in Russian). euronews. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.

Sources

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