Syama Prasad Mukherjee

For other uses, see Syama Prasad Mukherjee (disambiguation).

Syama Prasad Mookerjee (6 July 1901 – 23 June 1953) was an Indian barrister, educationist, politician, activist, social worker, and a minister in the state and national governments. Noted for his opposition to Quit India movement within the independence movement in India, he later served as India's first Minister for Industry and Supply (currently known as Minister of Commerce and Industries) in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet after breaking up with the Hindu Mahasabha. After falling out with Nehru, protesting against the Liaquat–Nehru Pact, Mukherjee resigned from Nehru's cabinet. With the help of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, he founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the predecessor to the Bharatiya Janata Party, in 1951.

Syama Prasad Mukherjee
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
In office 17 April 1952 – 23 June 1953
Succeeded by	Sadhan Gupta
Constituency	Calcutta South East, West Bengal
1st Union Minister of Commerce and Industry
In office 15 August 1947 – 6 April 1950
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Nityanand Kanungo
Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly
In office 9 December 1946 – 24 January 1950
Constituency	West Bengal
Founder-President of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh
In office 1951 (1951)–1952 (1952)
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Mauli Chandra Sharma
Finance Minister of Bengal Province
In office 12 December 1941 – 20 November 1942
Prime Minister	A. K. Fazlul Haq
Member of the Bengal Legislative Council
In office 1929–1947
Constituency	Calcutta University
Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University
In office 8 August 1934 – 8 August 1938
Preceded by	Hassan Suhrawardy
Succeeded by	Muhammad Azizul Haque
President of Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Mahasabha
In office 1943–1947
Personal details
Born	(1901-07-06)6 July 1901 Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Died	23 June 1953(1953-06-23) (aged 51) Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Political party	Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Other political affiliations	Hindu Mahasabha
Spouse	Sudha Devi ​ ​ (m. 1922; died 1933)​
Children	5
Parent(s)	Ashutosh Mukherjee (father) Jogamaya Devi Mukherjee (mother)
Relatives	Chittatosh Mookerjee (nephew)
Alma mater	Presidency College (BA, MA, LLB, D.Litt.) Lincoln's Inn
Profession	Academician barrister politician activist
Signature

He was also the president of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha from 1943 to 1946. He was arrested by the Jammu and Kashmir Police in 1953 when he tried to cross the border of the state. He was provisionally diagnosed of a heart attack and shifted to a hospital but died a day later. Since the Bharatiya Janata Party is the successor to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Mookerjee is also regarded as the founder of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) by its members.

Early life and academic career

Syama Mukherjee was born during the British Raj on 6 July 1901 in Calcutta, now located in the West Bengal state of India. His grandfather Ganga Prasad Mukherjee was born in Jirat and was the first in the family who migrated to and settled in Calcutta.

Syama Prasad's father was Ashutosh Mukherjee, a judge of the High Court of Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, and was also the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta. His mother was Jogamaya Devi Mukherjee. was a very meritorious student and he came to Calcutta to study in Medical College with the help of the wealthy people of Jirat. Later he settled down in the Bhawanipore area of Calcutta.

Syama Prasad enrolled in Bhawanipur's Mitra Institution in 1906 and his behaviour in school was later described favourably by his teachers. In 1914, he passed his matriculation examination and was admitted into Presidency College. He stood seventeenth in the Inter Arts Examination in 1916 and graduated in English, securing the first position in first class in 1921. He was married to Sudha Devi on 16 April 1922. Mukherjee also completed an MA in Bengali, being graded as first class in 1923 and also became a fellow of the Senate of the University of Calcutta in 1923. He completed his LLB in 1924.

He enrolled as an advocate in Calcutta High Court in 1924, the same year in which his father had died. Subsequently, he left for England in 1926 to study at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the English Bar in the same year. In 1934, at the age of 33, he became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta; he held the office until 1938. During his term as Vice-Chancellor, Rabindranath Tagore delivered the University Convocation Address in Bengali for the first time, and the Indian vernacular was introduced as a subject for the highest examination. On 10 September 1938, the Senate of Calcutta university resolved to confer honorary D.Litt. on the Ex-Vice Chancellor in its opinion "by reason of eminent position and attainments, a fit and proper person to receive such a degree." Mukherjee received the D.Litt from Calcutta University on 26 November 1938. He was also the 15th President of the Association of Indian Universities during 1941-42.

Political career before independence

He started his political career in 1929, when he entered the Bengal Legislative Council as an Indian National Congress (INC) candidate representing Calcutta University. However, he resigned the next year when the INC decided to boycott the legislature. Subsequently, he contested the election as an independent candidate and was elected in the same year. In 1937, he was elected as an independent candidate in the elections which brought the Krishak Praja Party to power.

He served as the Finance Minister of Bengal Province in 1941–42 under A.K. Fazlul Haq's Progressive Coalition government which was formed on 12 December 1941 after the resignations of the Congress government. During his tenure, his statements against the government were censored and his movements were restricted. He was also prevented from visiting the Midnapore district in 1942 when severe floods caused a heavy loss of life and property. He resigned on 20 November 1942 accusing the British government of trying to hold on to India under any cost and criticised its repressive policies against the Quit India Movement. After resigning, he mobilised support and organised relief with the help of Mahabodhi Society, Ramakrishna Mission and Marwari Relief Society. In 1946, he was again elected as an independent candidate from the Calcutta University. He was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly of India in the same year.

Hindu Mahasabha and Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement

Mukherjee joined the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal in 1939 and became its acting president that same year. He was appointed as the working president of the organisation in 1940. In February 1941, Mukherjee told a Hindu rally that if Muslims wanted to live in Pakistan they should "pack their bag and baggage and leave India ... [to] wherever they like". Yet, the Hindu Mahasabha also formed provincial coalition governments with the All-India Muslim League in Sindh and the North-West Frontier Province while Mukherjee was its leader. He was elected as the President of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha in 1943. He remained in this position till 1946, with Laxman Bhopatkar becoming the new president in the same year.

Mukherjee demanded the partition of Bengal in 1946 to prevent the inclusion of its Hindu-majority areas in a Muslim-dominated East Pakistan. A meeting held by the Mahasabha on 15 April 1947 in Tarakeswar authorised him to take steps for ensuring partition of Bengal. In May 1947, he wrote a letter to Lord Mountbatten telling him that Bengal must be partitioned even if India was not. He also opposed a failed bid for a united but independent Bengal made in 1947 by Sarat Bose, the brother of Subhas Chandra Bose, and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a Bengali Muslim politician. His views were strongly affected by the Noakhali genocide in East Bengal, where mobs belonging to the Muslim League massacred Hindus. It was Mukherjee who launched the Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement. It refers to the movement of the Bengali Hindu people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland aka West Bengal for themselves within the Indian Union, in the wake of Muslim League's proposal and campaign to include the entire province of Bengal within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the Muslims of British India.

Opposition to Quit India Movement

Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's decision of non-participation in the movement.

Mukherjee wrote a letter to Sir John Herbert, Governor of Bengal as to how they should respond to "Quit India" movement. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote:

Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being

Mukherjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq-led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal in regard to this:

The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during the emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.

The Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states:

Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation...

During Mukherjee's resignation speech, however, he characterised the policies of the British government towards the movement as "repressive".

Political career after independence

(L to R sitting) B. R. Ambedkar, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, Sardar Baldev Singh, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, John Mathai, Jagjivan Ram, Amrit Kaur and Syama Prasad Mukherjee. (L to R standing) Khurshed Lal, R.R. Diwakar, Mohanlal Saksena, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, N.V. Gadgil, K. C. Neogy, Jairamdas Daulatram, K. Santhanam, Satya Narayan Sinha and B. V. Keskar.

B. R. Ambedkar and Syama Prasad Mukherjee talking on the Campus of Parliament, 1951

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru inducted Mukherjee into the Interim Central Government as a Minister for Industry and Supply on 15 August 1947.

Mukherjee condemned the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi as the "most stunning blow that could fall on India. That he who had made India free and self-reliant, a friend of all and enemy of none, loved and respected by millions, should fall at the hands of an assassin, one of his own community and countrymen, is a matter of the deepest shame and tragedy." He began to have differences with Hindu Mahasabha after Gandhi's killing, in which the Mahasabha was blamed by Vallabhbhai Patel for creating the atmosphere that led to the killing. Mukherjee suggested the organisation suspend its political activities. Shortly after it did, in December 1948, he left. One of his reasons was the rejection of his proposal to allow non-Hindus to become members. Mukherjee resigned along with K.C. Neogy from the Cabinet on 8 April 1950 over a disagreement about the 1950 Delhi Pact with Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.

Mukherjee was firmly against their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries as he thought it left Hindus in East Bengal to the mercy of Pakistan. While addressing a rally in Calcutta on 21 May, he stated that an exchange of population and property at governmental level on regional basis between East Bengal and the states of Tripura, Assam, West Bengal and Bihar was the only option in the current situation.

Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 in Delhi, becoming its first president. In the 1952 elections, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) won three seats in the Parliament of India, including Mukherjee's. He had formed the National Democratic Party within the Parliament. It consisted of 32 members of the Lok Sabha and 10 members of the Rajya Sabha; however, it was not recognised by the speaker as an opposition party. The BJS was created with the objective of nation-building and nationalising all non-Hindus by "inculcating Indian Culture" in them. The party was ideologically close to the RSS and widely considered the proponent of Hindu nationalism.

Opinion on special status of Jammu and Kashmir

After having supported the Article 370 during the parliamentary discussions over the legislation, Mukherjee became opposed to the legislation after falling out with Nehru. He fought against it inside and outside the parliament with one of the goals of Bharatiya Jana Sangh being its abrogation. He raised his voice against the provision in his Lok Sabha speech on 26 June 1952. He termed the arrangements under the article as Balkanization of India and the three-nation theory of Sheikh Abdullah. The state was granted its own flag along with a prime minister whose permission was required for anyone to enter the state. In opposition to this, Mukherjee once said "Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge" (A single country can't have two constitutions, two prime ministers, and two national emblems). Bharatiya Jana Sangh along with Hindu Mahasabha and Jammu Praja Parishad launched a massive Satyagraha to get the provisions removed. In his letter to Nehru dated 3 February 1953, he wrote that the issue of accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India should not be delayed, to which Nehru responded by referring to international complications the issue could create.

Mukherjee went to visit Kashmir in 1953 and observed a hunger strike to protest the law that prohibited Indian citizens from settling within the state and mandating that they carry ID cards. Mukherjee wanted to go to Jammu and Kashmir but, because of the prevailing permit system, he was not given permission. He was arrested on 11 May at Lakhanpur while crossing the border into Kashmir illegally. Although the ID card rule was revoked owing to his efforts, he died as a detainee on 23 June 1953.

On 5 August 2019, when Government of India proposed constitutional Amendment to repeal Article 370, many BJP members described the event as realisation of Syama Prasad Mukherjee's dream.

Personal life

Syama Prasad had three brothers who were; Rama Prasad who was born in 1896, Uma Prasad who was born in 1902 and Bama Prasad Mukherjee who was born in 1906. Rama Prasad became a judge in High Court of Calcutta while Uma became famed as a trekker and a travel writer. He also had three sisters who were; Kamala who was born in 1895, Amala who was born in 1905 and Ramala in 1908. He was married in 1922 to Sudha Devi for 11 years and had five children – the last one, a four-month-old son, died from diphtheria. His wife died of double pneumonia shortly afterwards in 1933 or 1934. Syama Prasad refused to remarry after her death. He had two sons, Anutosh and Debatosh, and two daughters, Sabita and Arati. His grandniece Kamala Sinha served as the Minister of State for External affairs in the I. K. Gujral ministry.

Syama Prasad was also affiliated with the Buddhist Mahabodhi Society. In 1942, he succeeded M.N. Mukherjee to become the president of the organisation. The relics of Gautam Buddha's two disciples Sariputra and Maudgalyayana, discovered in the Great Stupa at Sanchi by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1851 and kept at the British Museum, were brought back to India by HMIS Tir. A ceremony attended by politicians and leaders of many foreign countries was held on the next day at Calcutta Maidan. They were handed over by Nehru to Mukherjee, who later took these relics to Cambodia, Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Upon his return to India, he placed the relics inside the Sanchi Stupa in November 1952.

Death

Syama Prasad Mukherjee on a 1978 stamp of India

Mukherjee was arrested upon entering Kashmir on 11 May 1953. He and two of his arrested companions were first taken to Central Jail of Srinagar. Later they were transferred to a cottage outside the city. Mukherjee's condition started deteriorating and he started feeling pain in the back and high temperature on the night between 19 and 20 June. He was diagnosed with dry pleurisy from which he had also suffered in 1937 and 1944. The doctor prescribed him a streptomycin injection and powders, however, Mukherjee informed him that his family physician had told him that streptomycin did not suit his system. The doctor, however, told him that new information about the drug had come to light and assured him that he would be fine. On 22 June, he felt pain in the heart region, started perspiring and started feeling like he was fainting. He was later shifted to a hospital and provisionally diagnosed with a heart attack. He died a day later. The state government declared that he had died on 23 June at 3:40 a.m. due to a heart attack.

His death in custody raised wide suspicion across the country and demands for an independent inquiry were raised, including earnest requests from his mother, Jogamaya Devi, to Nehru. The prime minister declared that he had asked a number of persons who were privy to the facts and, according to him, there was no mystery behind Mukherjee's death. Devi did not accept Nehru's reply and requested an impartial inquiry. Nehru, however, ignored the letter and no inquiry commission was set up.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee claimed in 2004 that the arrest of Mukherjee in Jammu and Kashmir was a "Nehru conspiracy" and that the death of Mukherjee has remained "even now a mystery". The BJP in 2011 called for an inquiry to probe Mukherjee's death.

Legacy

Syama Prasad Mukherjee on Stamps of India

One of main thoroughfare in Calcutta was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Road on 3 July 1953 a few days after his death. Syamaprasad College founded by him in 1945 in Kolkata is named after him. Shyama Prasad Mukherji College of University of Delhi was established in 1969 in his memory. On 7 August 1998, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation named a bridge after Mukherjee. Delhi has a major road named after Mukherjee called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Marg. Kolkata, too, has a major road called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road. In 2001, the main research funding institute of the Government of India, CSIR, instituted a new fellowship named after him.

Shyam Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre, Headquarters of Municipal Corporation of Delhi

On 22 April 2010, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi's (MCD) newly constructed Rs. 650-crore building, the tallest building in Delhi, was named the Doctor Syama Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre. It was inaugurated by Home Minister P. Chidambaram. The building, which is estimated to cater to 20,000 visitors per day, will also house different wings and offices of the MCD. The MCD also built the Syama Prasad Swimming Pool Complex which hosted aquatic events during the 2010 Commonwealth Games held at New Delhi.

Portrait of Syama Prasad Mukherjee in Parliament of India

In 2012, a flyover at Mathikere in Bangalore City Limits was inaugurated and named the Dr Syama Prasad Mukherjee Flyover. The International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur is named after him.

In 2014, a multipurpose indoor stadium built on the Goa University campus in Goa was named after Mukherjee.

The government of India approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) with an outlay of ₹51.42 billion (US$600 million) on 16 September 2015. The Mission was launched by the Prime Minister on 21 February 2016 at Kurubhata, Murmunda Rurban Cluster, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh. In April 2017, Ranchi College was upgraded to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University. In September 2017, Kolar, a town in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, was renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar by the state's Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan.

Gajendra Chauhan played the role of Mukherjee in the movie 1946 Calcutta Killings.

On 12 January 2020, the Kolkata Port Trust was renamed as Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

The Chenani-Nashri Tunnel on NH44 in Jammu and Kashmir was renamed after Mukherjee by the Indian government in 2020.

See also

• List of unsolved deaths

References

Sources

• Ahir, D.C. (1991), Buddhism in modern India, Sri Datguru Publications
• Aich, Dipak Kumar (1995), Emergence of Modern Bengali Elite: A Study of Progress in Education, 1854–1917, Minerva Associates
• Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Originally published by Westview Press], The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism, Delhi: Vistaar Publications – via archive.org
• Bakshi, Shiri Ram (1991), Struggle for Independence: Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Anmol Publications
• Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (1 January 2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2, archived from the original on 12 July 2023, retrieved 16 July 2017
• Bapu, Prabhu (2013), Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-67165-1
• Basu, Rita (1995), Dr. Shyama Prasad Mookherjee & an alternate politics in Bengal, Progressive Publishers
• Baxter, Craig (1969), The Jana Sangh; a biography of an Indian political party, University of Pennsylvania Press – via archive.org
• Begum, Jahanara (1994), The last decade of undivided Bengal: parties, politics & personalities, Minerva Associates
• Bhave, Y.G. (1 January 1995), The First Prime Minister of India, Northern Book Centre, ISBN 978-81-7211-061-1
• Chakrabarty, Saroj; Roy, Bidhan C. (1974), With Dr. B. C. Roy and Other Chief Ministers: A Record Upto 1962, Benson's
• Chander, Harish (2000), Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a contemporary study, Noida News
• Chandra, Bipan (2008), Communalism in Modern India, Har-Anand, ISBN 978-81-241-1416-2
• Chatterji, Joya (2002), Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521523288
• Chaturvedi, R.P. (2010), Great Personalities, Upkar Prakashan, ISBN 9788174820617
• Christenson, Ron (1991), Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present, Transactions Publishers, ISBN 9781412831253
• Das, S.C (2000), The Biography of Bharat Kesri Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee with Modern Implications, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 9788170173878
• Dash, Shreeram Chandra (1968), The Constitution of India: A Comparative Study, Chaitanya Publishing
• Dossani, Rafiq; Rowen, Henry S. (2005), Prospects for Peace in South Asia, Stanford University Press, ISBN 9780804750851
• Gandhi, Gopal (2007), A Frank Friendship: Gandhi and Bengal: A Descriptive Chronology, Seagull Publications
• Golwalkar, M.S. (1974), Shri Guruji Samagra Darshan, Volume 4, Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana
• Harun-or-Rashid (2003), The Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League and Muslim Politics, 1906–1947, The University Press Limited
• Hashmi, Taj ul-Islam (1994), Peasant utopia: the communalization of class politics in East Bengal, 1920–1947, The University Press Limited
• Islam, Shamsul (2006b), Savarkar Myths and Facts, Anamaika Publishing & Distributors
• Islam, Shamsul (2006a), Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS, Media House, ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3, archived from the original on 30 January 2024, retrieved 16 July 2017
• Kadian, Rajesh (2000), The Kashmir tangle, issues & options, Vision Books
• Kumar, Kedar Nath (1990), Political Parties in India, Their Ideology and Organisation, Mittal Publications, ISBN 9788170992059
• Kumar, Raj (2014), Essays on Indian Freedom Movement, Discovery Publishing House, ISBN 9788171417056
• Lal, Makkhan (2008), Secular Politics, Communal Agenda: 1860–1953, Pragun Publication
• Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1978), History of Modern Bengal, Oxford University Press
• Mishra, Basanta Kumar (2004), The Cripps Mission: A Reappraisal, Concept Publishing Company
• Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad (2000), Leaves from a Diary, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195631197
• Mukherjee, Janam (2015), Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire, HarperCollins India, ISBN 9789351775836
• Mukhopadhyay, Shyamaprasad (1993), Leaves from a diary, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195631197, archived from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 4 December 2020
• Noorani, Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed (2000), The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour, LeftWord Books, ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7, archived from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 23 March 2016
• Puniyani, Ram (21 July 2005), Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-0-7619-3338-0
• Ram, Hari (1983), Special Status in Indian Federalism: Jammu and Kashmir, Seema Publications
• Roy, Tathagata (2007), A suppressed chapter in history: the exodus of Hindus from East Pakistan and Bangladesh, 1947–2006, Bookwell
• Roy, Tathagata (2014), The Life & Times of Shyama Prasad Mookerjee, Prabhat Prakashan, ISBN 9789350488812
• Sarkar, Sumit; Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2008), Towards freedom: documents on the movement for independence in India, 1946, Part 1, Oxford University Press
• Sen, Khagendra Nath (1970), Education and the nation: An Indian perspective, University of Calcutta, ISBN 9780195692457, archived from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 2 May 2020
• Sengupta, Nitish K. (2011), Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143416784, archived from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 4 December 2016
• Sharma, Urmila; Sharma, S.K. (2001), Indian Political Thought, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 9788171566785, archived from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 2 August 2022
• Sharma, Vishwanathan (2011), Famous Indians of the 20th Century, V&S Publishers, ISBN 9788192079684
• Sharma, Yoga Raj (2003), Special Status in Indian Federalism: Jammu and Kashmir, Radha Krishna Anand & Company
• Singh, Amrik (2000), The Partition in Retrospect, Anamika Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 9788186565650
• Singh, K.V. (2005), Political profiles of modern India, Vista International Publishing House
• Singh, M.K. (2009), Encyclopaedia Of Indian War Of Independence (1857–1947) (Set Of 19 Vols.), Anmol Publications
• Singh, Narendra Kr. (1996), International encyclopaedia of Buddhism: France, Volume 15, Anmol Publications
• Singh, Trilochan (1952), Personalities: A Comprehensive and Authentic Biographical Dictionary of Men who Matter in India. [Northern India and Parliament], Arunam & Sheel
• Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok (2011), 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide, Kolkata: Himangshu Maity
• Smith, Donald Eugene (2015), South Asian Politics and Religion, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400879083

Further reading

• Graham, B. D. (1968). "Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the communalist alternative". In D. A. Low (ed.). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. ASIN B0000CO7K5.
• Graham, B. D. (1990). Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38348-X.

External links

• Excerpts from convocation address at Benares Hindu University (1 December 1940)