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The Sword of Goujian (traditional Chinese: 越王句踐劍; simplified Chinese: 越王勾践剑; pinyin: Yuèwáng Gōujiàn jiàn)[1] is a tin bronze sword, renowned for its unusual sharpness, intricate design and resistance to tarnish rarely seen in artifacts of similar age. The sword is generally attributed to Goujian, one of the last kings of Yue during the Spring and Autumn period.
| Sword of Goujian | |
|---|---|
 Goujian sword, Hubei Provincial Museum | |
| Material | Bronze |
| Created | Spring and Autumn period (771 to 476 BC) |
| Discovered | 1965 in Jiangling County |
| Present location | Hubei Provincial Museum, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China |
In 1965, the sword was found in an ancient tomb in Hubei. It is currently in the possession of the Hubei Provincial Museum.
Discovery
editIn 1965, while an archaeological survey was being performed along the second main aqueduct of the Zhang River Reservoir in Jingzhou, Hubei, a series of ancient tombs were discovered in Jiangling County. A dig started in the middle of October 1965, ending in January 1966, eventually revealing more than fifty ancient tombs of the Chu State.
More than 2,000 artifacts were recovered from the sites, including an ornate bronze sword, found inside a casket together with a human skeleton. The casket was discovered in December 1965, at Wangshan site #1, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the ruins of Ying, currently called Jinancheng 纪南), an ancient capital of Chu.
The sword was found sheathed in a wooden scabbard finished in black lacquer. The scabbard had an almost air-tight fit with the sword body. Unsheathing the sword revealed an almost untarnished blade, despite the tomb being soaked in underground water for over 2,000 years. [2]
Identification
edit
On one side of the blade, two columns of text are visible. Eight characters are written in an ancient script, now known as Bird-worm seal script (literally "birds and worms characters", owing to the intricate decorations of the defining strokes), a variant of seal script. Initial analysis of the text deciphered six of the characters, "King of Yue" (Chinese: 越王; pinyin: Yuèwáng) and "made this sword for [his] personal use" (Chinese: 自作用劍; pinyin: Zì zuòyòng jiàn). The remaining two characters were assumed to be the name of the particular King of Yue.
From the sword's origin in 510 BC to the kingdom's demise at the hands of the Chu in 334 BC, nine kings ruled Yue, including Goujian, Lu Cheng, Bu Shou, and Zhu Gou. The identity of the king named in the sword inscription sparked debate among archeologists and Chinese language scholars. The discussion was carried out mostly via letter, and involved famous scholars such as Guo Moruo. After more than two months, the experts [who?] started to form a consensus that the original owner of the sword was Goujian(Chinese: 勾踐; pinyin: Gōu jiàn), the King of Yue made famous by his perseverance in times of hardship.
Construction
editThe sword of Goujian is 55.6 centimetres (21.9 in) in length, including an 8.4 centimetres (3.3 in) hilt; the blade is 4.6 centimetres (1.8 in) wide at its base. The sword weighs 875 grams (30.9 oz). In addition to the repeating dark rhombi pattern on both sides of the blade, there are decorations of blue crystals and turquoise. The grip of the sword is bound by silk, while the pommel is composed of eleven concentric circles.
Chemical composition
editThe Sword of Goujian still has a sharp blade and shows no signs of tarnish. To understand why, scientists at Fudan University and CAS used modern equipment to determine the chemical composition of the sword, as shown in the table below.
Amount of elements by percentage
edit| Part examined | Copper | Tin | Lead | Iron | Sulfur | Arsenic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blade | 80.3 | 18.8 | 0.4 | 0.4 | – | trace |
| Yellow pattern | 83.1 | 15.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | – | trace |
| Dark pattern | 73.9 | 22.8 | 1.4 | 1.8 | trace | trace |
| Darkest regions | 68.2 | 29.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.5 | trace |
| Edge | 57.3 | 29.6 | 8.7 | 3.4 | 0.9 | trace |
| Central ridge | 41.5 | 42.6 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 5.9 | trace |
The body of the blade is mainly made of copper, making it more pliant and less likely to shatter; the edges have more tin content, making them harder and capable of retaining a sharper edge; the sulfur decreases the chance of tarnish in the patterns.
It is likely that the chemical composition, along with the almost air-tight scabbard, led to the exceptional state of preservation.
Damage
editIn 1994, while on loan to Singapore for display as part of a cultural exchange exhibition, a worker accidentally bumped the sword against the case, resulting in a 7-millimetre (0.28 in) crack on the sword. Since then, China has not allowed the sword to be taken out of the country, and in 2018 officially placed the sword onto the list of Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad.[3]
In Popular Culture
editA moe anthropomorphized form of the sword along with the Spear of Fuchai was featured in the 2021 Donghua The Country of Rare Treasure (Nation of Treasure) 秘宝之国 [4][5]
See also
edit- Bell metal
- Spear of Fuchai, the spear used by Goujian's arch-rival, King Fuchai of Wu
- Weapons and armor in Chinese mythology
References
edit- ^ China Science Communication (2021-04-28). 王卉雯 [Wang Huiwen] (ed.). "Yuèwáng gōujiàn jiàn wéi shén me "qiānnián bù fǔ"?" 越王勾践剑为什么“千年不腐”？ [Why did the Yue King's Sword of Goujian "remain undamaged over thousands over years"?]. Xinhuanet 新华网 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2022-02-17.
- ^ "Sword of Goujian". Atlas Obscura.
- ^ "Not just in US ... Chinese relics damaged in Japan, Singapore, Taiwan". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
- ^ Mi Bao Zhi Guo. Retrieved 2024-09-19 – via myanimelist.net.
- ^ 哔哩哔哩番剧. "秘宝之国". www.bilibili.com (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2024-09-19.