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St. Stephen Chrysobull

The St. Stephen Chrysobull (Serbian: Светостефански хрисовуљ/Svetostefanski hrisovulj) or Banjska Chrysobull (Бањска хрисовуља/Banjska hrisovulja) was a chrysobull, charter, issued in 1314–1316[a] by Serbian king Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321). It was held at the Banjska monastery founded by Milutin. It is currently held at the Topkapi library in Istanbul.[2]

St. Stephen Chrysobull (Serbian: Светостефански хрисовуљ / Svetostefanski hrisovulj)
Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum (Topkapy sarayi müzesi, Gayri islami kitapliği), ? 70
Upper half of a medieval manuscript leaf, showing a splendidly elaborate decorative header of intertwined vines in white, green, blue, and red atop of ground of gold. Underneath it stretches an enlarged title in red cinnabar, with half a dozen lines of black and red text below. Modern reconstruciton, using contemporary Serbian.
Detail of the St. Stephen Chrysobull
Also known asBanjska Chrysobull (Бањска хрисовуља / Banjska hrisovulja)
TypeCharter
Datec.1314–1316, 1317[1]
Place of originKosovo, Banjska Monastery
Scribe(s)Radoslav (Georgije), except ff. 27–28[1]
MaterialParchment; ink, tempera, gold; bound in red leather[1]
Size96 ff.; 210 × 270 mm (originally 230 × 290 mm: trimmed late 19th-cent.)[1]
FormatCodex
ScriptUncial script, 12 lines per page, in brown ink; initials in cinnabar; signatures: Milutin and Dragutin in cinnabar, Nikodim in blue ink[1]
ContentsChrysobull of Banjska Monastery, issued by Stefan Milutin (1253–1321)
AdditionsStefan Crnojević's notes at end (late 15th cent.)
Previously keptKosovo, Banjska Monastery; pillaged by Ottomans after Battle of Kosovo (1389)[1]
Discovered1899 by Jozef Korzienowski and/or Ármin Vámbéry (1832–1913); published 1890 by Ljubomir Kovačević (1848–1918)
OtherKorzienowski's tracing paper copy: Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Old Collection, no. 495.[1]

The Chrysobull describes in detail the expansion of estates which King Milutin gifted to the settlements of Ibar, Sitnica, Laba, in Ras, Hvosna, Plava, Budim, Zeta, and others. It also includes a special section by the name of "Law of Vlachs" which covers the regulations of Vlach cattle breeder obligations on that manor.[3] After the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Ottomans pillaged Milutin’s endowment and took the charter in the process, which has been kept in Constantinople since the second half of the 15th century, in the sultan's treasury of Old Saraj.

The appearance of the charter

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Serbian king Stefan Milutin issued the St. Stephen Chrysobull in 1314–16.

St. Stefan’s Chrysobull had been preserved in its original form—a parchment codex measuring 230 × 290 mm—but was trimmed down to 210 × 270 mm during the late 19th-century, when it was rebound in the red leather currently enclosing it.[1] The inner boards of the original binding included three spaces for seals;[1] in the past the seals of Milutin and Dragutin were attached to it. The charter contains 180 pages with 2131 rows.[citation needed] Copied in Uncial script, in brown ink, with twelve lines per page, the manuscript boasts initials in red cinnabar, as well as signatures in red cinnabar (Milutin and Dragutin) and in blue ink (archbishop Nikodim).[1] It is skilfully illuminated in colours and gold. According to A. Turilov, the entire main text, with the exception of ff. 27 and 28, was copied by Radoslav (Georgije), the scribe who also copied Milutin's 1315–1316 Hilandar Gospel Book; one of the codex's last pages features added 15th-century notes by Stefan Crnojević.[1] The saved Chrysobull represents one of the manuscripts created upon acknowledgement in 1317. Stefan Crnojević clarified in a note that he bolded/thickened the faded signature of Archbishop Nikodim.

The St. Stephen’s Chrysobull is significant because it regulates obligations of the dependent population on monastic property. This part of the disposition is known by the name of "the law to the people of the church" or "Vlach law". The sanctions include a penalty for violators of the royal commandments and charter.

The exact date of the issuing of the charter is not known because, unusually, it does not include a dating clause. This is the only charter containing the confirmations of two Serbian Kings. Milutin's signature in the Chrysobull reads: "Stefan, by the mercy of God, King and Autocrat of all Serbian and seaside lands".

Annotations

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  1. ^
    It was issued between 1314 and 1316.[4][5][6] Older obsolete suggestions included 1293–1302 (F. Miklosich);[7] 1299–1300;[8] 1302–1309 (S. Novaković);[7] before 1313;[7] 1309–1316 (D. Janković);[9] 1318 (V. Jagić).[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bubalo, Ðorđe (2017). "Chrysobull of the Monastery of St. Stephen in Bankjska". In Marković, Miodrag; Vojvodić, Dragan (eds.). Serbian Artistic Heritage in Kosovo and Metohija: Identity, Significance, Vulnerability. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. p. 152.
  2. ^ Menković, Mirjana (2004). Kosovo i Metohija u svetlu etnologije: zbornik radova. Етнографски музеј у Београду. p. 209.
  3. ^ Mirković, Zoran S. (2019). Serbian law history. Belgrade: University of Belgrade. p. 22.
  4. ^ Slobodan Ćurčić (1979). Gračanica: King Milutin's church and its place in late Byzantine architecture. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-271-00218-7.
  5. ^ Balcanica. Vol. 39. SANU. 2009. p. 72.
  6. ^ Slobodan Erić (2006). Косово и Метохија: аргументи за останак у Србији. Геополитика. p. 229. ISBN 9788686619006.
  7. ^ a b c Filološki fakultet 1922, p. 97.
  8. ^ SANU (1954). Srpski etnografski zbornik. SANU. pp. 25, 78, 86.
  9. ^ Dragoslav Janković (1961). Istorija države i prava feudalne Srbije, XII-XV vek. Naućna knjiga. p. 99.
  10. ^ Starinar. Arheološki institut. 1964. p. 148.

Sources

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Further reading

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