Wikipedia

Spiralia

The Spiralia are a morphologically diverse clade of protostome animals, including within their number the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and other taxa.[4] The term Spiralia is applied to those phyla that exhibit canonical spiral cleavage, a pattern of early development found in most (but not all) members of the Lophotrochozoa.[5]

Spiralia
Temporal range: Cambrian–Recent[1] Possible Ediacaran fossil[2][3]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
(unranked): Protostomia
(unranked): Spiralia
sensu Edgecombe et al. 2011
Phyla

Distribution of spiralian development across phylogeny

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Members of the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and nemerteans have all been shown to exhibit spiral cleavage in its classical form. Other spiralian phyla (rotifers, brachiopods, phoronids, gastrotrichs, and bryozoans) are also said to display a derived form of spiral cleavage in at least a portion of their constituent species, although evidence for this is sparse.[6]

Lophotrochozoa within Spiralia

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Previously, spiral cleavage was thought to be unique to the Spiralia in the strictest sense—animals such as molluscs and annelids which exhibit classical spiral cleavage. The presence of spiral cleavage in animals such as platyhelminths could be difficult to correlate with some phylogenies.[7]

Evidence of a close relationship between molluscs, annelids and lophophorates was found in 1995 and Lophotrochozoa was defined as the group containing these taxa and all the descendants of their last common ancestor.[8] More recent research has established the Lophotrochozoa as a superphylum within the Metazoa.[9] With this understanding, the presence of spiral cleavage in polyclad platyhelminths, as well as the more traditional Spiralia, has led to the hypothesis that spiral cleavage was present ancestrally across the Lophotrochozoa as a whole.[6] With the introduction of Platytrochozoa and Rouphozoa, the cladogram is as follows, with an indication approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades radiated into newer clades.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Protostomia
610 mya

An alternative phylogeny was given in 2019, with a basal grouping Mollusca with Entoprocta grouping named Tetraneuralia, and a second grouping of Nemertea with Platyhelminthes named Parenchymia as sister of Annelida. In their proposal and according to the original definition, Lophotrochozoa may become a senior synonym for Platytrochozoa.[17][18][19][20]

 Protostomia 


In 2019 the Rouphozoa was recovered again as a basal Platytrochozoa clade.[21]

A 2022 study supported the Trochozoa and Platyzoa hypotheses, as shown below.[22] The same year another study placed bryozoans, entoproctans and cycliophorans in the group Polyzoa as one of the earliest branches among Lophotrochozoa.[23]

Protostomia

References

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  1. ^ Telford, Maximilian J. (2019). "Evolution: Arrow Worms Find Their Place on the Tree of Life". Current Biology. 29 (5): R152–R154. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.029. PMID 30836082.
  2. ^ Fedonkin, M.A.; Waggoner, B.M. (28 August 1997). "The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism". Nature. 388 (6645): 868. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..868F. doi:10.1038/42242. S2CID 4395089.
  3. ^ Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007). "New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications" (PDF). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 157–179. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..157F. doi:10.1144/SP286.12. S2CID 331187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  4. ^ Giribet, G. (April 2008). "Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1513–22. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2241. PMC 2614230. PMID 18192183.1513-22&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614230#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/18192183&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241&rft.aulast=Giribet&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614230&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
  5. ^ "Explanations.html". Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  6. ^ a b Hejnol, A. (4 August 2010). "A Twist in Time—The Evolution of Spiral Cleavage in the Light of Animal Phylogeny". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 50 (5): 695–706. doi:10.1093/icb/icq103. PMID 21558233.695-706&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/icb/icq103&rft_id=info:pmid/21558233&rft.aulast=Hejnol&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
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  8. ^ Halanych, K.; Bacheller, J.; Aguinaldo, A.; Liva, S.; Hillis, D.; Lake, J. (17 March 1995). "Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals". Science. 267 (5204): 1641–1643. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1641H. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. PMID 7886451. S2CID 12196991.1641-1643&rft.date=1995-03-17&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126/science.7886451&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12196991#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/7886451&rft_id=info:bibcode/1995Sci...267.1641H&rft.aulast=Halanych&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Bacheller, J.&rft.au=Aguinaldo, A.&rft.au=Liva, S.&rft.au=Hillis, D.&rft.au=Lake, J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
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  10. ^ Giribet G, Dunn CW, Edgecombe GD, Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Rouse GW. "Assembling the spiralian tree of life". In Telford MJ, Littlewood DT (eds.). Animal Evolution — Genomes, Fossils, and Trees. pp. 52–64.52-64&rft.aulast=Giribet&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Dunn, CW&rft.au=Edgecombe, GD&rft.au=Hejnol, A&rft.au=Martindale, MQ&rft.au=Rouse, GW&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281209169&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
  11. ^ Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard (July 2014). "Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1833–1849. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu143. PMID 24748651.1833-1849&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/molbev/msu143&rft_id=info:pmid/24748651&rft.aulast=Struck&rft.aufirst=Torsten H.&rft.au=Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.&rft.au=Golombek, Anja&rft.au=Hering, Lars&rft.au=Weigert, Anne&rft.au=Bleidorn, Christoph&rft.au=Klebow, Sabrina&rft.au=Iakovenko, Nataliia&rft.au=Hausdorf, Bernhard&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsu143&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
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  13. ^ Hankeln, Thomas; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra; Herlyn, Holger; Witek, Alexander; Weber, Mathias; Nesnidal, Maximilian; Struck, Torsten (2014). "Phylogeny of platyzoan taxa based on molecular data". In Wägele, J. Wolfgang; Bartolomaeus, Thomas (eds.). Deep Metazoan Phylogeny: The Backbone of the Tree of Life. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 105–125.105-125&rft.pub=Walter de Gruyter GmbH&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hankeln&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra&rft.au=Herlyn, Holger&rft.au=Witek, Alexander&rft.au=Weber, Mathias&rft.au=Nesnidal, Maximilian&rft.au=Struck, Torsten&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262676142&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
  14. ^ Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W. (2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884.2000-2006&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068&rft_id=info:pmid/26212884&rft.aulast=Laumer&rft.aufirst=Christopher E.&rft.au=Bekkouche, Nicolas&rft.au=Kerbl, Alexandra&rft.au=Goetz, Freya&rft.au=Neves, Ricardo C.&rft.au=Sørensen, Martin V.&rft.au=Kristensen, Reinhardt M.&rft.au=Hejnol, Andreas&rft.au=Dunn, Casey W.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.068&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
  15. ^ Lu, Tsai-Ming; Kanda, Miyuki; Satoh, Noriyuki; Furuya, Hidetaka (2017-05-29). "The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution". Zoological Letters. 3: 6. doi:10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5. PMC 5447306. PMID 28560048.
  16. ^ Luo, Yi-Jyun; Kanda, Miyuki; Koyanagi, Ryo; Hisata, Kanako; Akiyama, Tadashi; Sakamoto, Hirotaka; Sakamoto, Tatsuya; Satoh, Noriyuki (2017-12-04). "Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads". Nature Ecology and Evolution. 2 (1): 141–151. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y. PMID 29203924.141-151&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y&rft_id=info:pmid/29203924&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Yi-Jyun&rft.au=Kanda, Miyuki&rft.au=Koyanagi, Ryo&rft.au=Hisata, Kanako&rft.au=Akiyama, Tadashi&rft.au=Sakamoto, Hirotaka&rft.au=Sakamoto, Tatsuya&rft.au=Satoh, Noriyuki&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-017-0389-y&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
  17. ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T. C. A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-10). "A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans". Current Biology. 29 (2): 312–318.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 30639106.
  18. ^ Halanych, K. M.; Bacheller, J. D.; Aguinaldo, A. M.; Liva, S. M.; Hillis, D. M.; Lake, J. A. (1995-03-17). "Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals". Science. 267 (5204): 1641–1643. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1641H. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 7886451. S2CID 12196991.1641-1643&rft.date=1995-03-17&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12196991#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:bibcode/1995Sci...267.1641H&rft.issn=1095-9203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126/science.7886451&rft_id=info:pmid/7886451&rft.aulast=Halanych&rft.aufirst=K. M.&rft.au=Bacheller, J. D.&rft.au=Aguinaldo, A. M.&rft.au=Liva, S. M.&rft.au=Hillis, D. M.&rft.au=Lake, J. A.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
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  20. ^ Telford, Maximilian J. (2019). "Evolution: Arrow Worms Find Their Place on the Tree of Life". Current Biology. 29 (5): R152 – R154. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.029. PMID 30836082.R152 - R154&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.029&rft_id=info:pmid/30836082&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=Maximilian J.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.12.029&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Spiralia" class="Z3988">
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  23. ^ Polyzoa is back: The effect of complete gene sets on the placement of Ectoprocta and Entoprocta - Science
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