A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Sunday, September 22, 1968,[1] with a magnitude of 1.0099. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 3.4 days before perigee (on September 25, 1968, at 21:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[2]
| Solar eclipse of September 22, 1968 | |
|---|---|
 Map | |
| Type of eclipse | |
| Nature | Total |
| Gamma | 0.9451 |
| Magnitude | 1.0099 |
| Maximum eclipse | |
| Duration | 40 s (0 min 40 s) |
| Coordinates | 56°12′N 64°00′E / 56.2°N 64°E |
| Max. width of band | 104 km (65 mi) |
| Times (UTC) | |
| Greatest eclipse | 11:18:46 |
| References | |
| Saros | 124 (52 of 73) |
| Catalog # (SE5000) | 9439 |
Totality was visible from the Soviet Union (today's Russia and Kazakhstan) and Xinjiang in Northwestern China. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Europe, Northeast Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Observation
editSoviet Union
editA company named Opton proposed to the Sternberg Astronomical Institute to observe this solar eclipse in Sary Shagan on the west bank of Lake Balkhash, and also wrote to the Soviet Ministry of Railways for help to get to the destination faster. The observation team obtained spectrum of the corona. Students also assisted in taking pictures of the corona with MTO-1000 lens.[3]
China
editThis is the first total solar eclipse visible in the country since the founding of the People's Republic of China. It occurred during the Cultural Revolution, when astronomers including Zhang Yuzhe who organized observations of the total solar eclipse of June 19, 1936 and September 21, 1941 were excluded from key positions. The Chinese Academy of Sciences sent a team of 200 including Zhang Kuisan (张魁三), the then deputy director of the Geophysics Bureau to Xinjiang. The observation was code-named "532", named after the time February 1953 when Mao Zedong visited the Purple Mountain Observatory in Nanjing. The travel to Ürümqi by train first took 3 days, and another 7 days by car to the optical observation site Zhaosu Town (Mongolküre Town), Zhaosu County and the radio observation site Kashgar. Gravity measurements were also conducted in mountain caves. In order to avoid the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, Zhou Enlai sent Liu Xiyao to lead the army to the local area and provide the whole team with meals and accommodation. The observation team completed the first monochromatic light observation and high-resolution radio observation of the sun in China. This was also the first time in China that a solar eclipse was observed by plane. Shanghai Scientific and Educational Film Studio also produced a science and education film of the total solar eclipse.[4][5]
The Soviet Union and China were the only two countries the path of this total solar eclipse passed. Due to the Sino-Soviet split, the two countries did not conduct any joint observations. About half a year after the eclipse, on January 23, 1969, the People's Daily published an article claiming that the observation of this eclipse "achieved brilliant results", repeatedly criticized the Soviet Union of "obstructing" it, and also mentioned that the Soviet Union "plundered data" of the annular solar eclipse of April 19, 1958.[6][7]
Eclipse details
editShown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[8]
| Event | Time (UTC) |
|---|---|
| First Penumbral External Contact | 1968 September 22 at 09:07:22.9 UTC |
| Equatorial Conjunction | 1968 September 22 at 10:22:09.4 UTC |
| First Umbral External Contact | 1968 September 22 at 10:44:14.2 UTC |
| First Central Line | 1968 September 22 at 10:44:37.1 UTC |
| First Umbral Internal Contact | 1968 September 22 at 10:45:00.3 UTC |
| Ecliptic Conjunction | 1968 September 22 at 11:08:44.2 UTC |
| Greatest Eclipse | 1968 September 22 at 11:18:46.0 UTC |
| Greatest Duration | 1968 September 22 at 11:20:13.7 UTC |
| Last Umbral Internal Contact | 1968 September 22 at 11:53:04.0 UTC |
| Last Central Line | 1968 September 22 at 11:53:29.7 UTC |
| Last Umbral External Contact | 1968 September 22 at 11:53:55.1 UTC |
| Last Penumbral External Contact | 1968 September 22 at 13:30:26.7 UTC |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Eclipse Magnitude | 1.00990 |
| Eclipse Obscuration | 1.01989 |
| Gamma | 0.94507 |
| Sun Right Ascension | 11h58m11.0s |
| Sun Declination | 00°11'49.6" |
| Sun Semi-Diameter | 15'56.3" |
| Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 08.8" |
| Moon Right Ascension | 11h59m58.7s |
| Moon Declination | 01°00'16.0" |
| Moon Semi-Diameter | 16'01.1" |
| Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 0°58'47.3" |
| ΔT | 38.9 s |
Eclipse season
editThis eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.
| September 22 Descending node (new moon) |
October 6 Ascending node (full moon) |
|---|---|
| |
|
| Total solar eclipse Solar Saros 124 |
Total lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 136 |
Related eclipses
editEclipses in 1968
edit- A partial solar eclipse on March 28.
- A total lunar eclipse on April 13.
- A total solar eclipse on September 22.
- A total lunar eclipse on October 6.
Metonic
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of December 4, 1964
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of July 10, 1972
Tzolkinex
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of August 11, 1961
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of November 3, 1975
Half-Saros
edit- Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of September 17, 1959
- Followed by: Lunar eclipse of September 27, 1977
Tritos
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 23, 1957
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 22, 1979
Solar Saros 124
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of September 12, 1950
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of October 3, 1986
Inex
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 12, 1939
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of September 2, 1997
Triad
edit- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of November 21, 1881
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of July 24, 2055
Solar eclipses of 1968–1971
editThis eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[9]
The partial solar eclipse on July 22, 1971 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.
| Solar eclipse series sets from 1968 to 1971 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascending node | Descending node | |||||
| Saros | Map | Gamma | Saros | Map | Gamma | |
| 119 | March 28, 1968 Partial |
−1.037 | 124 | September 22, 1968 Total |
0.9451 | |
| 129 | March 18, 1969 Annular |
−0.2704 | 134 | September 11, 1969 Annular |
0.2201 | |
139.jpg) Totality in Williamston, NC USA |
March 7, 1970 Total |
0.4473 | 144 | August 31, 1970 Annular |
−0.5364 | |
| 149 | February 25, 1971 Partial |
1.1188 | 154 | August 20, 1971 Partial |
−1.2659 | |
Saros 124
editThis eclipse is a part of Saros series 124, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 73 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on March 6, 1049. It contains total eclipses from June 12, 1211 through September 22, 1968, and a hybrid eclipse on October 3, 1986. There are no annular eclipses in this set. The series ends at member 73 as a partial eclipse on May 11, 2347. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.
The longest duration of totality was produced by member 39 at 5 minutes, 46 seconds on May 3, 1734. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit.[10]
| Series members 43–64 occur between 1801 and 2200: | ||
|---|---|---|
| 43 | 44 | 45 |
 June 16, 1806 |
 June 26, 1824 |
 July 8, 1842 |
| 46 | 47 | 48 |
 July 18, 1860 |
 July 29, 1878 |
 August 9, 1896 |
| 49 | 50 | 51 |
 August 21, 1914 |
 August 31, 1932 |
 September 12, 1950 |
| 52 | 53 | 54 |
| September 22, 1968 |
 October 3, 1986 |
 October 14, 2004 |
| 55 | 56 | 57 |
 October 25, 2022 |
 November 4, 2040 |
 November 16, 2058 |
| 58 | 59 | 60 |
 November 26, 2076 |
 December 7, 2094 |
 December 19, 2112 |
| 61 | 62 | 63 |
 December 30, 2130 |
 January 9, 2149 |
 January 21, 2167 |
| 64 | ||
 January 31, 2185 | ||
Metonic series
editThe metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.
| 21 eclipse events between July 11, 1953 and July 11, 2029 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 10–11 | April 29–30 | February 15–16 | December 4 | September 21–23 |
| 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 |
 July 11, 1953 |
 April 30, 1957 |
 February 15, 1961 |
 December 4, 1964 |
September 22, 1968 |
| 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 134 |
 July 10, 1972 |
 April 29, 1976 |
 February 16, 1980 |
 December 4, 1983 |
 September 23, 1987 |
| 136 | 138 | 140 | 142 | 144 |
 July 11, 1991 |
 April 29, 1995 |
 February 16, 1999 |
 December 4, 2002 |
 September 22, 2006 |
| 146 | 148 | 150 | 152 | 154 |
 July 11, 2010 |
 April 29, 2014 |
 February 15, 2018 |
 December 4, 2021 |
 September 21, 2025 |
| 156 | ||||
 July 11, 2029 | ||||
Tritos series
editThis eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 January 1, 1805 (Saros 109) |
 October 31, 1826 (Saros 111) |
 August 28, 1848 (Saros 113) | ||
 July 29, 1859 (Saros 114) |
 June 28, 1870 (Saros 115) |
 May 27, 1881 (Saros 116) |
 April 26, 1892 (Saros 117) |
 March 29, 1903 (Saros 118) |
 February 25, 1914 (Saros 119) |
 January 24, 1925 (Saros 120) |
 December 25, 1935 (Saros 121) |
 November 23, 1946 (Saros 122) |
 October 23, 1957 (Saros 123) |
| September 22, 1968 (Saros 124) |
 August 22, 1979 (Saros 125) |
 July 22, 1990 (Saros 126) |
 June 21, 2001 (Saros 127) |
 May 20, 2012 (Saros 128) |
 April 20, 2023 (Saros 129) |
 March 20, 2034 (Saros 130) |
 February 16, 2045 (Saros 131) |
 January 16, 2056 (Saros 132) |
 December 17, 2066 (Saros 133) |
 November 15, 2077 (Saros 134) |
 October 14, 2088 (Saros 135) |
 September 14, 2099 (Saros 136) |
 August 15, 2110 (Saros 137) |
 July 14, 2121 (Saros 138) |
 June 13, 2132 (Saros 139) |
 May 14, 2143 (Saros 140) |
 April 12, 2154 (Saros 141) |
 March 12, 2165 (Saros 142) |
 February 10, 2176 (Saros 143) |
 January 9, 2187 (Saros 144) |
 December 9, 2197 (Saros 145) | |||
Inex series
editThis eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||
|---|---|---|
 January 1, 1824 (Saros 119) |
 December 11, 1852 (Saros 120) |
 November 21, 1881 (Saros 121) |
 November 2, 1910 (Saros 122) |
 October 12, 1939 (Saros 123) |
September 22, 1968 (Saros 124) |
 September 2, 1997 (Saros 125) |
 August 12, 2026 (Saros 126) |
 July 24, 2055 (Saros 127) |
 July 3, 2084 (Saros 128) |
 June 13, 2113 (Saros 129) |
 May 25, 2142 (Saros 130) |
 May 5, 2171 (Saros 131) |
 April 14, 2200 (Saros 132) |
|
References
edit- ^ "September 22, 1968 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ "Полное солнечное затмение 22 сентября 1968 г." Archived from the original on 3 January 2010.
- ^ "20世纪中国日全食观测小史". 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020.
- ^ "《新闻调查》 19970314 寻踪日全食". China Network Television. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015.
- ^ "用毛泽东思想探索太阳的奥秘——记我国首次大规模日全食综合观测队". People's Daily. 23 January 1969.
一九五八年苏修打着"中苏日环食联合观测"的幌子，来我国掠取日环食资料。观测结束后，把一台破烂不堪的射电望远镜天线留在中国，还美其名曰"帮助中国发展射电天文学"。后来，赫鲁晓夫修正主义集团把这个破烂的射电望远镜天线也要了回去。
- ^ "我国大规模日全食综合观测取得辉煌成果". People's Daily. 23 January 1969.
- ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1968 Sep 22". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 124". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
External links
edit- Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
- Photos from solar eclipse of September 22, 1968 in USSR (Russian)
