Sind (sometimes called Scinde, Sindhi: سنڌ) was a province of British India from 1 April 1936 to 1947 and Dominion of Pakistan from 14 August 1947 to 14 October 1955. Under the British, it encompassed the current territorial limits excluding the princely state of Khairpur. Its capital was Karachi. After Pakistan's creation, the province lost the city of Karachi, as it became the capital of the newly created country. It became part of West Pakistan upon the creation of the One Unit Scheme.[1]
| Sind | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province of British India (1936–1947) Province of the Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1955) | |||||||||||||
| 1936–1955 | |||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||
_map.gif) Province of Sind in Pakistan | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Karachi (1936-1947) Hyderabad (1947-1955) | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
• | 123,080 km2 (47,520 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
• Formation of Sind Province | 1 April 1936 | ||||||||||||
• Province of Pakistan | 14 August 1947 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 14 October 1955 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
editOn 1 April 1936 Sind division was separated from Bombay Presidency and established as a province.
At that time the Province's Administration division are listed below:
| Division | Districts in British Territory / Princely State | Map |
|---|---|---|
| Hyderabad Division | ||
| Total area, British Territory | 123,080 km2 (47,520 sq mi) | |
| Native States | ||
| Total area, Native States | 15,730 km2 (6,070 sq mi) | |
| Total area, Sind | 123,080 km2 (47,520 sq mi) |
Geography
editThe province was bordered by Karachi (within the Federal Capital Territory after 1948) and the princely states of Las Bela and Kalat on the west. To the north were the provinces of Baluchistan and West Punjab. The province bordered the princely state of Bahawalpur on the northeast and it enclosed on three sides the princely state of Khairpur. The Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat were beyond its borders to the east and south. On the southwest lay the Arabian Sea, with the Sind's coastline consisting entirely of river deltas, including the Indus River Delta up to Sind's border with the city of Karachi, now the capital of present-day Sindh.
History
editSindh was first settled by the Indus Valley Civilization and Mohenjo-Daro, as early as 1750 BC. It had Greek influence during its history after the expansion of the Macedonian Empire, and developed trade with surrounding regions. Several Sunni Muslim and Rajput kingdoms were set up there, beginning with the Rai dynasty and ending with the Arghuns. The Mughal Empire conquered Sindh under the rule of Akbar in the year 1591. Soon after the coming of European companies, in particular the East India Company, the Mughal hold on the area loosened, and in 1843 Sindh became part of the British India and its Bombay Presidency on 1 October 1848. Later it became Sindh province on 1 April 1935 under All India Act of 1935. Sind Province.
1936–1947
editOn 1 April 1936, Sind was separated from Bombay Presidency to get the status of a province and the provincial capital was settled in Karachi. Hyderabad division was formed on the place of Sind division.
1947–1955
editFollowing a resolution in the Sindh Legislative Assembly about joining Pakistan, with the independence and Partition of India in August 1947 Sindh became part of Pakistan.[1]
In 1948, Karachi city (2,103 km2 area) separated from Sind to form the Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan. Apart from the city, the remaining areas of Karachi district remained part of Sind and a new district of Thatta was formed from these areas.[2]
On 11 December 1954, the Sindh Legislative Assembly voted by 100 to 4 in favour of the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali, and Sindh was merged into the new province of West Pakistan on 14 October 1955.[3]
Government
edit The offices of Governor of Sindh and Premier (later Chief Minister) of Sindh were established in 1936 when Sindh became a province. This system continued until 1955 when Sindh was dissolved.
| Tenure | Governor of Sindh[4] |
|---|---|
| 1 April 1936 | Province of Sindh established |
| 1 April 1936 – 1 August 1938 | Sir Lancelot Graham (first time) |
| 1 August 1938 – 1 December 1938 | Joseph Garrett (acting) |
| 1 December 1938 – 1 April 1941 | Sir Lancelot Graham (2nd time) |
| 1 April 1941 – 15 January 1946 | Sir Hugh Dow |
| 15 January 1946 – 14 August 1947 | Sir Robert Francis Mudie |
| 14 August 1947 | Independence of Pakistan |
| 14 August 1947 – 4 October 1948 | Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah |
| 4 October 1948 – 19 November 1952 | Sheikh Din Muhammad |
| 19 November 1952 – 1 May 1953 | Mian Aminuddin |
| 1 May 1953 – 12 August 1953 | George Baxandall Constantine |
| 12 August 1953 – 23 June 1954 | Habib Ibrahim Rahmatullah |
| 23 June 1954 – 14 October 1955 | Iftikhar Hussain Khan |
| 14 October 1955 | Province of Sindh dissolved |
| Name of Premier (pre-partition) | Entered Office | Left Office | Political Party/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah (1st time) | 28 April 1937 | 23 March 1938 | Muslim People's Party |
| Allah Bux Soomro (1st time) | 23 March 1938 | 18 April 1940 | Ittehad Party |
| Mir Bandeh Ali Khan Talpur | 18 April 1940 | 7 March 1941 | All-India Muslim League |
| Allah Bux Soomro (2nd time) | 7 March 1941 | 14 October 1942 | Ittehad Party |
| Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah (2nd time) | 14 October 1942 | 14 August 1947 | Muslim People's Party |
| Tenure | Chief Minister of Sind[4] | Political party |
|---|---|---|
| 14 August 1947 – 28 April 1948 | Mohammad Ayub Khuhro (1st time) | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 3 May 1948 – 4 February 1949 | Pir Illahi Bakhsh | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 18 February 1949 – 7 May 1950 | Yusuf Haroon | Non-partisan |
| 8 May 1950 – 24 March 1951 | Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah | Non-partisan |
| 25 March 1951 – 29 December 1951 | Mohammad Ayub Khuhro (2nd time) | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 29 December 1951 – 22 May 1953 | Governor's rule | |
| 22 May 1953 – 8 November 1954 | Pirzada Abdus Sattar | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 9 November 1954 – 14 October 1955 | Mohammad Ayub Khuhro (3rd time) | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 14 October 1955 | Province of Sindh dissolved | |
Elections
editDemographics
editBy the time of independence in 1947 Sindh had a Muslim majority for centuries but there were significant minorities of Hindus throughout the province. In 1947 due to communal tensions and partition two million Muslim muhajir migrated to Pakistan while most Sindhi Hindus fled to India.
The Muslims from India were mostly Urdu speaking.
| Religious group |
1872[5][a] | 1881[6][b] | 1891[7][c] | 1901[8][d] | 1911[9][e] | 1921[10][f] | 1931[11][g] | 1941[12][h] | 1951[13][14][i] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
Islam 
|
1,712,221 | 78.1% | 1,989,630 | 78.24% | 2,318,180 | 77.18% | 2,609,337 | 76.52% | 2,822,756 | 75.53% | 2,562,700 | 73.8% | 3,017,377 | 73.34% | 3,462,015 | 71.52% | 5,535,645 | 91.53% | |
Hinduism  [j]
|
475,848 | 21.7% | 544,848 | 21.43% | 674,371 | 22.45% | 787,683 | 23.1% | 877,313 | 23.47% | 876,629 | 25.24% | 1,055,119 | 25.65% | 1,279,530 | 26.43% | 482,560 | 7.98% | |
Christianity 
|
3,329 | 0.15% | 6,082 | 0.24% | 7,768 | 0.26% | 7,825 | 0.23% | 10,917 | 0.29% | 11,734 | 0.34% | 15,152 | 0.37% | 20,304 | 0.42% | 22,601 | 0.37% | |
Zoroastrianism 
|
810 | 0.04% | 1,063 | 0.04% | 1,534 | 0.05% | 2,000 | 0.06% | 2,411 | 0.06% | 2,913 | 0.08% | 3,537 | 0.09% | 3,841 | 0.08% | 5,046 | 0.08% | |
Judaism 
|
35 | 0% | 153 | 0.01% | 210 | 0.01% | 428 | 0.01% | 595 | 0.02% | 671 | 0.02% | 985 | 0.02% | 1,082 | 0.02% | — | — | |
Jainism 
|
— | — | 1,191 | 0.05% | 923 | 0.03% | 921 | 0.03% | 1,349 | 0.04% | 1,534 | 0.04% | 1,144 | 0.03% | 3,687 | 0.08% | — | — | |
Buddhism .svg){kind=small}
|
— | — | 9 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 21 | 0.001% | 41 | 0.001% | 53 | 0.001% | 111 | 0.002% | 670 | 0.01% | |
Sikhism 
|
— | — | — | — | 720 | 0.02% | — | — | 12,339 | 0.33% | 8,036 | 0.23% | 19,172 | 0.47% | 32,627 | 0.67% | — | — | |
| Tribal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9,224 | 0.25% | 8,186 | 0.24% | 204 | 0% | 37,598 | 0.78% | — | — | |
| Others | 172 | 0.01% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 2,029 | 0.06% | 298 | 0.01% | 64 | 0.002% | 1,510 | 0.04% | 0 | 0% | 1,226 | 0.02% | |
| Total Responses | 2,192,415 | 94.39% | 2,542,976 | 100% | 3,003,711 | 100% | 3,410,223 | 100% | 3,737,223 | 100% | 3,472,508 | 100% | 4,114,253 | 100% | 4,840,795 | 100% | 6,047,748 | 99.89% | |
| Total Population | 2,322,765 | 100% | 2,542,976 | 100% | 3,003,711 | 100% | 3,410,223 | 100% | 3,737,223 | 100% | 3,472,508 | 100% | 4,114,253 | 100% | 4,840,795 | 100% | 6,054,474 | 100% | |
| Note1: 1872, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses include Khairpur (princely state). Note2: 1951 census includes the Federal Capital Territory (Karachi). | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes
edit- ^ 1872 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. Religious affiliation was not enumerated in Khairpur. See 1872 census data here: [5]
- ^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1881 census data here: [6]
- ^ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1891 census data here: [7]
- ^ 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here:[8]
- ^ 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here:[9]
- ^ 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here:[10]
- ^ 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here:[11]
- ^ 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here:[12]
- ^ Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)
- ^ 1872 census: Also includes Tribals, Jains, Buddhists, and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).
1881 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).
1891 census: Also includes Tribals.
1901 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).
References
edit- ^ a b Shaikh, Dr Irfan Ahmed (19 August 2018). "NON-FICTION: A BRIEF HISTORY OF SINDH". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
- ^ "'Karachi & Sindh'". DAWN.COM. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
- ^ Farhan Hanif Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan (2012), p. 84
- ^ a b Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Pakistan Provinces". Retrieved 3 October 2007.
- ^ a b "Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872". Bombay, 1875. 1872. p. 76. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057641. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Census of India, 1891. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind". 1881. p. 3. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057678. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1891). "Census of India, 1891. Vol. VIII, Bombay and its feudatories. Part II, Imperial tables". JSTOR saoa.crl.25352815. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1901). "Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay". JSTOR saoa.crl.25366895. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". JSTOR saoa.crl.25393770. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1921). "Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial". JSTOR saoa.crl.25394131. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1931). "Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables". JSTOR saoa.crl.25797128. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind". JSTOR saoa.crl.28215545. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ "CENSUS OF PAKISTAN, 1951 POPULATION ACCORDING TO RELIGION (TABLE 6)" (PDF). 1951. pp. 22–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ "Census of Pakistan, 1951 Population According to Religion Table 6". Census Digital Library. pp. 22–26. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
