The Mount Scopus quarry and stone vessels production cave is a man-made underground quarrying and stone vessels manufacturing complex, dating to the late Second Temple period, more exactly the first century up to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE.[2] It is located on the northern slope of a promontory extending east from the Mount Scopus and Mount of Olives ridges, beside the road leading from Jerusalem to Ma'ale Adummim.[2][1]
מערת כלי האבן (in Hebrew) | |
 Entrance to the cave complex | |
  Shown within State of Palestine | |
| Location | West Bank |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 31°47′26.2″N 35°15′14.1″E / 31.790611°N 35.253917°E |
| Grid position | Israel Ref. 210166/670117 |
| Type | Quarry, workshops |
| History | |
| Material | Soft Senonian limestone[1] |
| Periods | Second Temple period: 1st century until 70 CE |
| Cultures | Second Temple Judaism |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined |
| Ownership | Public |
| Public access | Yes |
The cave was discovered in the summer of 1999. During the construction of a new road connecting Jerusalem to Ma'ale Adumim, a bulldozer created an opening in the cave ceiling, exposing a huge underground complex carved in chalkstone.[2]
Background
editFrom the Hasmonean dynasty onwards, there was an increase in observance of Jewish religious practice in the Land of Israel and specifically Jerusalem. Therefore there was more use of stone vessels as according to the Torah and the Halacha they do not contract impurity. Such vessels were discovered in highly Jewish populated areas throughout the Land of Israel, in Judea, Transjordan, Galilee and the Golan Heights, although the discovery of quarries and production sites is quite rare.[1][3][dubious – discuss][4]
Description
editThe underground complex consists of two caves united by a sunken ovoid-shaped courtyard. Each cave consists of several chambers.[2]
Cave I
editThe first cave covers an area of 4000 sqm, with a 4m-high ceiling near the entrance and 2m high at its rear. Due to its large size and the softness of chalkstone, pillars were left in even distances to prevent the collapse of the ceiling. This divided the cave into large halls and chambers. Along the walls were stone shelves which held oil lamps for the illumination of the inner and darker parts of the cave. Near the cave's entrance are four small rock-hewn rooms, which probably served as workshops.[2]
Cave II
editThe second cave is smaller than the first and cut at a higher level than it.[1] It is ovoid-shaped, 24m in length and 17m wide, covering an area of 1000 sqm, with the height of the ceiling this time gradually increasing as one moves away from the entrance.[citation needed] There were pillars carved out and left standing here as well.[1] On one of the pillars somebody has used charcoal to write 'ON, IN' in Greek letters above a delicate drawing of leaves, of the kind used as incised decoration for ossuaries found in tombs dating to the same period as the caves.[2][1]
Archaeological findings
edit
Stone vessels
editA wide range of defective stone vessels were found inside the cave complex, all discarded after being damaged during production. For the first time, ossuary fragments were found within a manufacturing site. Other stone findings included table vessels, delicate vessels and large storage jars, known as kallals.[2]
Coins
editFour coins were found in the caves,[2] the oldest one dating to 54 CE, minted by Roman procurator Antonius Felix, and three dating back to the Great Revolt: one coin from the second year of the revolt, 67/8 CE, and two from the third year of the revolt, 68/9 CE. All the findings in this underground complex are evidence that the cave was active throughout the first century up to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.[2]
Relation to Bethphage inscription
editThis discovery possibly sheds some light on the 1910 discovery of an inscription in a burial cave at Bethphage.[2] The inscription, engraved into an ossuary cover, includes twenty-three names, and next to each name a small amount of money. These names might have belonged to workers of an ossuary production workshop, possibly the workshop found on Mount Scopus.[2]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Amit, David; Seligman, Jon; Zilberbod, Irina (2008). "20. Stone Vessel Production Caves on the Eastern Slope of Mount Scopus, Jerusalem". In Yorke M. Rowan; Jennie R. Ebeling (eds.). New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts. Approaches to Anthropological Archaeology. London: Equinox. pp. 320–342. Retrieved 27 July 2024 – via researchgate.net.320-342&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Amit&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Seligman, Jon&rft.au=Zilberbod, Irina&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285711595&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Scopus stone vessels cave" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Amit, David; Seligman, Jon; Zilberbod, Irina (2001). "מחצבה ובית מלאכה לייצור כלי אבן במורד הר הצופים" [Quarry and workshop for the production of stone vessels at the foot of Mount Scopus]. Qadmoniot. XXXIV (2 (122)): 102–110 – via academia.edu.102-110&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Amit&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Seligman, Jon&rft.au=Zilberbod, Irina&rft_id=https://www.academia.edu/113092777&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Scopus stone vessels cave" class="Z3988">
- ^ Adler, Yonatan. "Jewish Purity Practices in Roman Judea: The Evidence of Archaeology". Academia.
- ^ Magen, Yitzhak (1988). תעשיית כלי אבן בירושלים בימי בית שני [The stoneware industry in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period] (in Hebrew). Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel. Retrieved 25 July 2024. See book cover at simania
.co .il /bookdetails .php?item _id=517869.