In Syriac Christianity, the Fast of Nineveh (Classical Syriac: ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܝ̈ܐ Bā'ūṯā ḏ-Ninwāyē, literally "Petition of the Ninevites") is a three-day fast starting the third Monday before Clean Monday from Sunday Midnight to Wednesday noon, during which participants usually abstain from all dairy foods and meat products. However, some observe the fast more rigorously and abstain from food and drink altogether from Sunday midnight to Wednesday after Holy Qurbana, which is celebrated before noon.
| Fast of the Ninevites ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܝ̈ܐ | |
|---|---|
 Jonah preaches to the Ninevites | |
| Official name | ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܝܐ |
| Observed by | Chaldean Catholic Church Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Church of the East Syro-Malabar Church Syriac Maronite Church of Antioch[1] Malabar Independent Syrian Church Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Mar Thoma Syrian Church Syriac Orthodox Church Coptic Orthodox Church[2] Ethiopian Orthodox Church Eritrean Orthodox Church |
| Type | Christian |
| Begins | Monday of the third week before Lent |
| Ends | Thursday of the third week before Lent (i.e. feast day) |
| 2023 date | 6–8 February (Coptic orthodox)[3] 30 January- 1 February in churches using the Western Calendar |
| 2024 date | 22-24 January (Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Christian Churches, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Chaldean Catholic Church)[4][5] , Syriac Orthodox Church |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Related to | Great Lent |
The three day fast of Nineveh commemorates the three days that Prophet Jonah spent inside the belly of the Great Fish and the subsequent fast and repentance of the Ninevites at the warning message of the prophet Jonah according to the bible. (Book of Jonah in the Bible).[14]
Biblical basis
editThe prophet Jonah appears in 2 Kings aka 4 Kings and is therefore thought to have been active around 786–746 BC.[15] A possible scenario which facilitated the acceptance of Jonah's preaching to the Ninevites is that the reign of Ashur-dan III saw a plague break out in 765 BC, revolt from 763-759 BC and another plague at the end of the revolt. These documented events suggest that Jonah's words were given credibility and adhered to, with everyone allegedly cutting off from food and drinks, including animals and children. However Jonah is not a historically attested figure, and does not appear in contemporary written records of the time he is alleged to have lived.[16]
History
editChurch of the East
editAs the patriarch Joseph (552–556/567 AD) (Classical Syriac: ܝܘܣܦ) had been deposed, Ezekiel (Classical Syriac: ܚܙܩܝܐܝܠ) was selected to replace him in the Church of the East, much to the joy of the emperor Khusrow Anushirwan who loved him and held him in high esteem.[17] A mighty plague devastated Mesopotamia with the Sassanian authorities unable to curb its spread and the dead littered the streets, in particular the imperial capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Classical Syriac: ܣܠܝܩ ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ) The metropolitans of the East Syriac ecclesiastical provinces of Adiabene (Classical Syriac: ܚܕܝܐܒ "Ḥdāyaḇ", encompassing Arbil, Nineveh, Hakkari and Adhorbayjan) and Beth Garmaï (Classical Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܓܪ̈ܡܝ "Bēṯ Garmai", encompassing Kirkuk and the surrounding region) called for services of prayer, fasting and penitence to be held in all the churches under their jurisdiction, as was believed to have been done by the Ninevites following the preaching of the prophet Jonah.
Following its success, the tradition has been strictly adhered to every year by the descendants of the Church of the East (Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, and the others). Patriarchs of the Church of the East and Chaldean Catholic Church also called for extra fasts[when?] in an effort to alleviate the suffering and affliction of those persecuted by ISIS in the region of Nineveh and the rest of the Middle East.[citation needed]
Other Churches
editAlthough the fast of the Ninevites was originally observed in the Church of the East, Marutha of Tikrit is known to have imposed the Fast of Nineveh in the West Syriac Church, and served as Maphrian of the Syriac Orthodox Maphrianate of the East until his death on 2 May 649.[18]
In the days of Pope Abraham of Alexandria (who was ethnically Syrian), the Coptic Orthodox Church adopted the fast, from which it spread to the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, all of which still retain its observance.
References
edit- ^ "The Antiochan Syriac Maronite Church FAQ - Beith Souryoye Morounoye". beith-morounoye.org.
- ^ a b "Coptic Fasts & Feasts – Coptic Orthodox". Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States.
- ^ "Coptic Fasts & Feasts 2023 A.D. / 1739–1740 A.M." Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
- ^ "Calendar". Assyrian Church News.
- ^ "Liturgical Seasons – Chaldean Diocese of St. Thomas the Apostle U.S.A".
- ^ "Calendar 3015". soc-wus.netfirms.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "February Calendar of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch - Archdiocese of the Western United States. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
- ^ "January Calendar of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch". Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch- Archdiocese of the Western United States. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
- ^ "Coptic Fasts & Feasts 2020 A.D. / 1736–1737 A.M." Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
- ^ "Coptic Fasts & Feasts 2021 A.D. / 1737–1738 A.M." Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
- ^ "Calendar". Assyrian Church News.
- ^ "Liturgical Seasons – Chaldean Diocese of St. Thomas the Apostle U.S.A".
- ^ "Coptic Fasts & Feasts 2022 A.D. / 1738–1739 A.M." Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
- ^ "Three Day Fast of Nineveh". Syrian Orthodox Church (retrieved from the Internet Archive). Archived from the original on 2011-02-13.
- ^ 2 Kings 14:25
- ^ Boardman, John (1982). The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. III Part I: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0521224963. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- ^ Chronicle of Seert, ii. 100–101
- ^ Barsoum, Ignatius Aphrem I (2003). Matti Moosa, ed. The Scattered Pearls: The History of Syriac Literature and Sciences Archived 2021-10-23 at the Wayback Machine/1.jpg
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