Wikipedia

Lower Rio Grande Valley

(Redirected from Rio Grande valley)
"Rio Grande Valley" redirects here. For the river valley in New Mexico that is part of the same river, see Rio Grande Valley (New Mexico). For other uses, see Rio Grande Valley (disambiguation).

The Lower Rio Grande Valley (Spanish: Valle del Río Grande), commonly known as the Rio Grande Valley or locally as the Valley or RGV, is a region spanning the border of Texas and Mexico located in a floodplain of the Rio Grande near its mouth.[1] The region includes the southernmost tip of South Texas and a portion of northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. It consists of the Brownsville, Harlingen, Weslaco, Donna, Pharr, McAllen, Edinburg, Mission, San Juan, and Rio Grande City metropolitan areas in the United States and the Matamoros, Río Bravo, and Reynosa metropolitan areas in Mexico.[2][3] The area is generally bilingual in English and Spanish, with a fair amount of Spanglish[4] due to the region's diverse history and transborder agglomerations.[5] It is home to some of the poorest cities in the nation, as well as many unincorporated, persistent poverty communities called colonias.[6][7] A large seasonal influx occurs of "winter Texans" — people who come down from the north for the winter and then return north before summer arrives.[8]

Lower Rio Grande Valley
Region
Images, from top down, left to right: Skyline of South Padre Island; McAllen Performing Arts Center; Interior of the Quinta Mazatlan; Entrance to McAllen Public Library; Cameron County Courthouse, a statue from the Brownsville Museum of Fine Arts, Resaca de la Palma Battlefield, a giraffe from the Gladys Porter Zoo, Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park, and the McNair House
Map of the Lower Rio Grande Valley
Map of the Lower Rio Grande Valley
Coordinates: 26°13′N 98°07′W / 26.22°N 98.12°W / 26.22; -98.12
Country
  • United States
  • Mexico
State
Principal cities
Largest cityReynosa
Area
 • Land12,620 km2 (4,872 sq mi)
Population
 • Total
2,671,028
 • Metro (US)
1,291,798
 • Metro (Mexico)
1,379,230

History

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Pre-Spanish colonization

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Map of indigenous peoples in North America

Native peoples lived in small tribes in the area before the Spanish conquest.[9] The native tribes in South Texas were known to be hunter-gatherer peoples.[10] The area was known for its smaller nomadic tribes collectively called Coahuiltecan.[10] Native archaeological excavations near Brownsville have shown evidence of prehistoric shell trading.[11]

Spanish colonization

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Map of Spanish Colonies along the Gulf of Mexico in 1815

Initially, the Spanish had a hard time conquering the area due to the differences in native languages, so they mainly focused on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico also known as the Seno Mexicano.[12] Also, a major conflict existed on who would conquer the region. Antonio Ladrón de Guevara wanted to colonize the region, but the Viceroy of New Spain José Tienda de Cuervo doubted Ladrón de Guevara's character, eventually leading to a royal Spanish declaration preventing Ladrón de Guevara from participating in colonization efforts.[13]

The first villas in the region were settled in Laredo and Reynosa in 1767.[12] In 1805, the Spanish government solidified the autonomy of the region by defining the territory of Nuevo Santander as south of the colony of Tejas from the Nueces River south to Tampico, Charcas, and Valles.[12][14] The local government of the region had a rough start with various indigenous wars up until 1812.[15] In 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence, the state was renamed Tamaulipas.

Republic of Texas and annexation by the United States

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Map of the Republic of Texas 1841 with expansive borders

The Texas Revolution of 1835-1836 put the majority of what is now called the Rio Grande Valley under contested Texan sovereignty.[5] The area also became a thoroughfare for runaway slaves fleeing to Mexico.[16]

In 1844, the United States under President James K. Polk annexed the Republic of Texas, against British and Mexican sentiments,[17] contributing to the onset of the Mexican–American War.[17] The area along the Rio Grande was the source of several major battles, including the Battle of Resaca de la Palma near Brownsville.[18] The war ended in 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which defined the United States' southern border as the Rio Grande. The change in government led to a mass migration from Tamaulipas to the United States side of the river.[12]

From the end of the Mexican-American War, the population of the Valley began to grow, and farmers began to raise cattle in the area.[12] Despite the end of the formal war in 1848, interracial strife continued between native peoples and the white settlers over land through the 1920s.[9][19]

Early 1900s and the Mexican Revolution

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Irrigation outside of San Benito, Texas in 1916

At the turn of the 20th century trade and immigration between Mexico and the United States was a normal part of society.[2] The development of the St. Louis, Brownsville, and Mexico Railway in 1903 and the irrigation of the Rio Grande allowed the Rio Grande Valley to develop into profitable farmland.[20] Droughts in the 1890s and early 1900s caused smaller farmers and cattle ranchers to lose their lands. Rich white settlers brought by the railroad bought the land and displaced the Tejano ranchers.[21]

Meanwhile, across the river, Mexico was dealing with the Mexican Revolution.[20] The revolution spilled over the border through cross-border supply raids, and in response President Taft sent the United States Army into the region beginning in 1911 and continuing until 1916 when the majority of the United States armed forces were stationed in the region. Texas governor Oscar Colquitt also sent the Texas Rangers into the area to keep the peace between Mexicans and Americans.[2]

 
Texas Rangers with dead Mexicans after the Raid on Norias Ranch outside Kingsville, TX

The region played host to several well-known conflicts including the backlash from the Plan of San Diego, and the racially fueled violence of Texas Ranger Harry Ransom.[2] In 1921 the United States Border Patrol came to the region with less than 10 officers.[22] Initially the agency was focused on import and export business, especially alcohol during Prohibition in the United States, but later moved to detaining illegal aliens.[23]

 
Poster recruiting men to serve in the US Army along the Rio Grande

The region had a significant increase of Border Patrol agents during World War I in conjunction with the Zimmermann Telegram.[24] The Texas Rangers also increased their presence as law enforcement in the region with a new class of Ranger that focused on determining Tejano loyalty.[25] They were often violent, carrying out retaliatory murders.[24] They were never held accountable to the law even though charges were brought in the Texas senate.[26]

There were two major military training facilities in the Valley in Brownsville and Harlingen during World War II.[27]

Post-World War II to present

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United States Border Patrol officers on horseback near McAllen, Texas

The North American Free Trade Agreement, also known as NAFTA, was established in 1994 as a trade agreement between the three North American countries, The United States, Mexico, and Canada. NAFTA was supposed to increase trade with Mexico as they lowered or eliminated tariffs on Mexican goods.[28] Exports and imports tripled in the region and accounted for a trade surplus of $75 billion.[28] The Rio Grande Valley benefited from NAFTA in retail, manufacturing, and transportation. Due to the influx of jobs and exportation, many people migrated to the RGV, both documented and undocumented.[29] According to Akinloye Akindayomi in Drug violence in Mexico and its impact on the fiscal realities of border cities in Texas: evidence from Rio Grande Valley counties, NAFTA also indirectly aids the rise in immigration and drug smuggling practices between cartels in the region, with cartels profiting with over $80 billion.[29] The Trump Administration decided to make new accords with Mexico and Canada and replaced NAFTA with the new trade agreement, United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in 2018.[30]

 
Border Patrol vehicle along a portion of the Mexico-United States border wall

After the September 11 attacks, the Customs Border Security Act of 2001 established United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints with some situated at the north end of the Rio Grande Valley. This allows for a second line of defense in the ever increasing subtlety of smuggling.

More recently the organization We Build the Wall has begun construction on a section of the border wall in the Valley. Local residents have expressed concerns about the project including the site's proximity to the National Butterfly Center and the Rio Grande with its potential for seasonal flooding.[31] The U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission has ordered We Build the Wall to stop until they can review whether or not the construction violates a Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary between the United States and Mexico signed in 1970.[32]

Geography

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This is a bi-national map showing the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

The Rio Grande Valley is not a true valley, but a river delta. "Valley" is often used in the western United States to refer to a large expanse with rivers. Most such valleys, including the Rio Grande, have good agricultural production.[33][1] Early 20th-century land developers, attempting to capitalize on unclaimed land, utilized the name "Magic Valley" to attract settlers and appeal to investors. The Rio Grande Valley is also called El Valle, the Spanish translation of "the valley", by those who live there.[34] The main region is within four Texan counties: Starr County, Hidalgo County, Willacy County, and Cameron County.

Major settlements

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The largest city on the American side of the region is Brownsville (Cameron County), followed by McAllen (Hidalgo County). Other major cities include Harlingen, San Benito, Edinburg, Mission, Rio Grande City, Raymondville, Weslaco, Hidalgo and Pharr.[35] On the Mexican side of the border Matamoros, Río Bravo, and Reynosa are major cities in this region.[2][3]

Demographics

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As of 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population of the Rio Grande Valley at 1,368,723. Hidalgo County has the largest population with an estimate of 861,137.[36] Cameron County has the second-highest population estimated at 422,135. Starr County has the third-largest population estimated at 64,032. Willacy County has the fourth-largest population estimated at 21,419.[36]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau in 2008, 86 percent of Cameron County, 90 percent of Hidalgo County, 97 percent of Starr County, and 86 percent of Willacy County are Hispanic.[37]

Colonias

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A dirt road in a colonia near Edinburg, Texas

The major metropolitan areas in the Rio Grande Valley are surrounded by smaller rural communities called colonias.[38] These communities are primarily poor and Hispanic.[39] The areas often lack basic services like sanitation and sewage, and suffer from flooding.[40][38] Many of these colonias are mixes of mobile homes and self-constructed houses owned by the residents.[41] The Bracero program enacted in the 1940s allowed Mexicans to cross the border and work in the agricultural fields. Most worked in the Rio Grande Valley, and due to a shortage of affordable houses, developers started selling them land in unincorporated areas; these clusters of homes over time became what are now known as colonias.[38] According to the Housing Assistance Council, a nonprofit organization that tracks rural housing, approximately 1.6 million people live in 1,500 recognized colonias alongside the Mexico–United States border.[38]

Language use

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The residents of the Lower Rio Grande Valley are generally bilingual in English and Spanish often mixing into Spanglish depending on demographics and context.[39][42] Government statistics for the region are often underreported due to underlying immigration issues.[43]

The Spanish language plays an important role in all aspects of life. In 1982 a statistically significant majority of people in the Rio Grande Valley spoke Spanish.[44] People speak Spanish to communicate in all aspects of life including business, government, and at home.[42]

2017 United States Census American Community Survey estimates[45]
Cameron

County

Hidalgo

County

Starr

County

Willacy

County

Population 5 years and older 384,007 759,143 56,972 20,442
Speaks English only 102,074 119,489 2,072 8,252
Language other than English 281,933 639,654 54,900 12,190
Spanish 278,451 631,638 54,838 12,005
Other Indo-European languages 1,302 2,126 3 155
Asian and Pacific Islander languages 1,511 5,460 53 22
Other languages 669 430 6 8

People often prefer Spanish to English when interacting with government officials as seen in the response to the region's 2018 flooding.[46]

Religion

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The Catholic Church has been present in the Rio Grande Valley since the Spanish colonization of the region.[47] In San Juan, Texas the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle is a major Catholic shrine.

One of the offshoots of the Catholic Church, worship of Santa Muerte, has a small but significant following in the valley. There has been public outcry against followers erecting shrines at their homes and in public places.[48][49] In 2015, a Santa Muerte statue was involved with a bomb scare in San Benito, Texas.[50] This followed the desecration of a Santa Muerte statue in the San Benito Municipal Cemetery in January of the same year.[51][49]

In addition to the Catholic Church, several other Christian denominations are present in the Rio Grande Valley, including several organized Protestant churches in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.[52] There are also 26 congregations of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with about 17,000 members. Sikh, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, Buddhist and Baháʼí Faith communities thrive in the Rio Grande Valley.[53][54][55][56][57][58]

Culture

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The area is largely bilingual and bicultural, according to Texas Highways; in 2024 nearly 90% of the population identified as Hispanic.[59] Mexican cuisine and Tejano cuisine are popular in the area.[60] Green spaghetti or espagueti verde, a Mexican style of spaghetti with roasted poblano cream sauce, is a common celebration dish little known in the United States outside the Rio Grande Valley.[61][62][63][64] The local style of barbecue is barbacoa.[65][66] Brownsville's Vera's Backyard BBQ is a notable barbacoa restaurant.[65]

Climate

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The Lower Rio Grande Valley experiences a warm and fair climate that brings visitors from many surrounding areas.[8] Temperature extremes range from triple digits during the summer months to freezing during the winter.[67] While the Valley has seen severe cold events before, such as the 2004 Christmas snow storm and 2021 cold snap, the region rarely experiences temperatures at or below freezing, especially by the coast, which transitions into a Tropical climate.[67]

The region's proximity to the Gulf of Mexico makes it a target for hurricanes. Though not impacted as frequently as other areas of the Gulf Coast of the United States, the Valley has experienced major hurricanes in the past. Hurricanes that have made landfall in or near the area include Hurricane Beulah (1967), Hurricane Allen (1980), Hurricane Gilbert, Hurricane Bret, Hurricane Dolly (2008), Hurricane Alex (2010), and Hurricane Hanna (2020). Having an especially flat terrain, the Valley usually experiences the catastrophic effects of tropical cyclones in the form of flooding.[46]

Tourism

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The Lower Rio Grande Valley encompasses landmarks that attract tourists. Popular destinations include Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, South Padre Island, Brazos Island, and the Port Isabel Lighthouse.

The Valley is a popular waypoint for tourists visiting northeast Mexico.[68] Popular destinations across the border and Rio Grande include: Matamoros, Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, and Reynosa, all located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.

The region also attracts tourists from the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, and Mexico, D.F. (México City).

The Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas

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The ancestral lands of the Rio Grande Valley have been home to historic Native groups, which today include the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas.[69] While not recognized under the government, this tribe and other communities have existed on the lands predating European settlement and the acquisition of Texas from Mexico. The tribe speaks of their existence as a way of life.[69] Today, a working map of Native and Indigenous nations and tribes across Turtle Island and the Northern Americas has been communally constructed on the Native Land webpage.[70] The Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe is recognized on the Native Land webpage, represented across South Texas.[71] The visibility and recognition of Native communities like the Carrizo/Comecrudo are paramount and require a constant fight by many Indigenous tribes worldwide, especially when histories of vulnerable groups like Indigenous communities are essentially contested and being attacked legally by state governments.[72]

As historian and scholar Ned Blackhawk outlines in "The Centrality of Dispossession: Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism," in World History of Genocide: Volume II, the "mythologies of Indigenous ‘disappearance’ appear as ahistorical as they are problematic."[73] Scholars like Blackhawk work to address the narrative of Native peoples as passively disappeared and of existing solely in the past by amplifying the intentional and strategic projects of dispossession and settler colonialism in their goals to erase, harm, and destabilize a group of people. Therefore, the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe's work to establish their presence and continually advocate for their way of living and place in the Rio Grande Valley is resilient and vital.

The Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas has long fought with SpaceX over the environmental protection of their lands. Elon Musk established Starbase, one of the engineering hubs, in Boca Chica Beach, a coastal beach of the Rio Grande Valley.[74] Alongside the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas, local RGV environmental organizations have opposed SpaceXs business and activities at Boca Chica, citing the tribe's claims to land and destruction to the local terrain and natural life.[75]

On August 5, 2024, a group of local organizations including the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe wrote a letter to the Federal Aviation Administration raising concerns about SpaceX operations in Boca Chica Beach and requesting a meeting to discuss the FAA's process of incorporating community voice into the conversation.[75] The group includes a range of environmental organizations across the Rio Grande Valley, including the South Texas Environmental Justice Network, the South Texas Human Rights Center, TRUCHA, Voces Unidas, and Texas Rising RGV. The letter highlights the identities of Rio Grande Valley community members that are most often overlooked, including Indigenous voices. Now, there are large concerns regarding Elon Musk's intentions to relocate the headquarters of SpaceX to the Starbase site in Boca Chica Beach.[76]

Places of historical interest

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The First Lift Station in Mission, Texas once provided water for irrigating the crops of the early Rio Grande Valley.

Economy

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The Valley is historically reliant on agribusiness and tourism. Cotton, grapefruit, sorghum, maize, and sugarcane are its leading crops, and the region is the center of citrus production and the most important area of vegetable production in the State of Texas. Over the last several decades, the emergence of maquiladoras (factories or fabrication plants) has caused a surge of industrial development along the border, while international bridges have allowed Mexican nationals to shop, sell, and do business in the border cities along the Rio Grande. The geographic inclusion of South Padre Island also drives tourism, particularly during the Spring Break season, as its subtropical climate keeps temperatures warm year-round.[78] During the winter months, many retirees (commonly referred to as "Winter Texans") arrive to enjoy the warm weather,[8] access to pharmaceuticals and healthcare in Mexican border crossings such as Nuevo Progreso.[79] There is a substantial health-care industry with major hospitals and many clinics and private practices in Brownsville, Harlingen, and McAllen.

 
Box of Oranges, from the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (postcard, c. 1912–1924)

Texas is the third largest producer of citrus fruit in the United States, the majority of which is grown in the Rio Grande Valley. Grapefruit make up over 70% of the Valley citrus crop, which also includes orange, tangerine, tangelo and Meyer lemon production each Winter.[80]

One minor professional sports team plays in the Rio Grande Valley: The Rio Grande Valley Vipers (basketball). Defunct teams that previously played in the region include: the Edinburg Roadrunners (baseball), La Fiera FC (indoor soccer), Rio Grande Valley Ocelots FC (soccer), Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings (baseball), Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees (ice hockey), Rio Grande Valley Sol (indoor football) and the Rio Grande Valley FC Toros (soccer)

One of the Valley's major tourist attractions is the semi-tropical wildlife. Birds and butterflies attract a large number of visitors every year all throughout the entire region. Ecotourism is a major economic force in the Rio Grande Valley.[81][82]

Transportation

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The Rio Grande Valley is served by three commercial airports: Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport in Brownsville, Texas, Valley International Airport in Harlingen, Texas, and McAllen Miller International Airport in McAllen, Texas.[83] American Airlines[84] and United Airlines[85] provide service to all three airports, with Avelo Air also providing service to Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport,[86] Allegiant Air also providing service to McAllen Miller International Airport,[87] Southwest Airlines, Sun Country Airlines and Delta Air Lines also providing service to Valley International Airport.[88]

There are several bus lines that run through the United States side of the Lower Rio Grande Valley including Metro Connect (McAllen), McAllen Paratransit, McAllen Metro Services, Brownsville Metro/ADA Paratransit Service Island Metro (South Padre Island), and Greyhound Lines.[89][90] On the Mexican side of the border there are several bus companies that run including Greyhound, Tornado, Ave Senda Ejecutiva, Enlaces Terrestres Nacionales, Futua, Noreste, Omnibus de Oriente, Transpais, Transportes del Norte, Transportes Frontera, and Turistar Lujo.[91][90]

 
The Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge

The Interstate Highway System in the United States is well developed in the Lower Rio Grande Valley and connects Brownsville, Hidalgo, McAllen, Raymondville, Edinburg, Pharr, and Laredo.[citation needed] On the Mexican side, there are several major highways between Matamoros, Reynosa, and Nuevo Laredo. As of 2015 car travel on the Mexican side was considered dangerous and the Mexican Federal Police offered a police escort between Ciudad Victoria, Matamoros, and Reynosa.[92]

Freight trains run between Harlingen, Mission, Edinburg, and Santa Rosa connecting to the Union Pacific Railroad. In Mexico, Kansas City Southern de México runs freight service and crosses from Matamoros into Brownsville over the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge.[93]

Sea trade runs through the deepwater seaport, the Port of Brownsville and the Foreign Trade Zone 62.[94]

 
Starship SN8 launching from SpaceX South Texas launch site

SpaceX South Texas launch site is located near Brownsville.

Politics

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Presidential election results
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2024 51.8% 184,094 47.4% 168,310 0.8% 2,998
2020 42.0% 150,247 57.1% 204,493 0.9% 3,392
2016 29.0% 81,885 67.6% 190,922 3.4% 9,544
2012 29.6% 68,927 69.3% 161,804 1.0% 4,433
2008 31.2% 69,287 67.8% 150,424 1.0% 2,033
2004 45.8% 90,493 53.8% 106,300 0.4% 789
2000 39.5% 69,801 59.1% 104,327 1.4% 2,505
1996 29.2% 44,959 65.8% 101,327 5.0% 7,605
1992 30.7% 49,798 56.6% 91,667 12.7% 20,523
1988 37.0% 56,479 62.5% 95,425 0.5% 671
1984 46.5% 68,602 53.2% 78,625 0.3% 435
1980 42.9% 51,233 54.9% 65,571 2.1% 2,559
1976 35.3% 37,853 64.0% 68,661 0.7% 772
1972 56.8% 48,442 42.7% 36,410 0.1% 390
1968 38.1% 28,831 55.1% 41,665 6.8% 5,147
1964 34.1% 23,002 65.7% 44,374 0.2% 169
1960 40.4% 25,465 59.0% 37,239 0.6% 360
1956 54.2% 27,425 44.7% 22,621 1.0% 525
1952 60.2% 32,185 39.6% 21,189 0.2% 79
1948 36.8% 11,764 60.8% 19,439 2.5% 786
1944 37.5% 10,211 56.6% 15,406 5.9% 1,595
1940 36.4% 9,065 63.4% 15,789 0.3% 63
1936 26.1% 5,818 71.7% 15,960 2.2% 498
1932 20.9% 5,045 78.0% 18,837 1.1% 275
1928 49.7% 8,368 50.1% 8,897 0.2% 27
1924 24.6% 2,395 71.3% 6,950 4.2% 407
1920 38.0% 2,115 60.9% 3,382 1.1% 59
1916 19.5% 805 78.8% 3,250 1.7% 69
1912 9.17% 445 85.0% 4,125 5.8% 283

The region is represented by Ted Cruz and John Cornyn in the United States Senate and by Monica De La Cruz, Vicente Gonzalez, and Henry Cuellar in the United States House of Representatives.[95]

In the twenty-first century, the dominance of agribusiness has caused political issues, as jurisdictional disputes regarding water rights have caused tension between farmers on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. Scholars, including Mexican political scientist Armand Peschard-Sverdrup, have argued that this tension has created the need for a re-developed strategic transnational water management.[96] Some have declared the disputes tantamount to a "war" over diminishing natural resources.[97] Climatologists believe water scarcity in the Valley will only increase as climate change alters the precipitation patterns of the region.[98]

The Lower Rio Grande Valley has historically been one of the most strongly Democratic regions in the country, having only briefly voted Republican during the 1950's Eisenhower years and the 1972 landslide election of Republican Richard Nixon. Continued Democratic dominance would depend on maintaining the loyalty of Latino voters, who make up 91.5% of the region.[99] Recently, the GOP has made large inroads causing loyalties to shift. Latino men, particularly young men, rural Latinos, the growing number of Latino evangelical Protestants, devout Catholics, socially conservative, pro-life voters and working class-blue collar voters without a college degree have begun to join White voters in supporting the Republican party at majority levels.

Culturally, the state GOP successfully galvanized the majority Latino region against Democrats on several hot-button social issues, namely gender identity and transgender related concerns. The Lower Rio Grande Valley, like Texas itself, is socially conservative. Over 60% of voters outright reject a variety of transgender rights.[100][101] GOP Spanish ads denigrating pronouns, denouncing gender-theory curriculum, opposing gender affirming care for minors and "protecting girls sports and locker-rooms" by banning transgender athletes in sports flooded the campaign trail. These sentiments are now influencing local races in the region and across Texas as well, signaling a new source of Republican strength.[102][103][104][105]

Economically, the GOP emphasized strong support for the states oil and gas industry, which is 33% Latino.[106] Other ideas communicated through the campaign trail were lowering taxes and supporting entrepreneurs and small business owners within the Latino community who signaled they trusted Trump to manage the economy over the Democrats. Pundits also noted the Trump campaign was able to build much needed trust in the Latino community for Trump immigration plans, often criticizing illegal immigration and asylum-seekers, which polls showed Latinos began to believe his rhetoric was about "other people" not "me".[107][108][109][110][111][112]

Initially in 2016, Donald Trump won only 29 percent of the region's vote, an 80-year low for Republicans. However, shocking pundits in 2020, he significantly strengthened the Republican vote in the Rio Grande Valley, reducing Democrats winning margins from 38.6 in 2016 to 15.1 in 2020, and then outright winning the region in 2024 by 4.4 points, ultimately a 43 point shift from 8 years prior.[113][114][115]

Education

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Historically, education has posed significant challenges to schools in the region. Schools in the early 1920s through the 1940s were racially segregated in the Rio Grande Valley. In 1940 a study showed the need for improvement in cultural differentiation of instruction.[116] The Texas Supreme Court in Del Rio ISD v. Salvatierra reinforced the racial segregation.[117] In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Bilingual Education Act, helping students whose second language was English. The Act gave financial assistance to local schools to create bilingual programs, enabling Mexican students to integrate white schools.[117] The area, like many others, had a hard time integrating.[118] Texas still has the bilingual program, while states like California, Arizona, and Massachusetts, have removed the bill and passed similar propositions stating that students would only be taught in English.[117] The bilingual program in the Rio Grande Valley is still in effect, especially with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals students in the area.[117]

Colleges and universities located in the Rio Grande Valley include:

Sports

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Club Sport League Venue Capacity
Rio Grande Valley Vipers Basketball NBA G League Bert Ogden Arena 9,000
RGV Barracudas FC Indoor Soccer MASL Payne Arena 6,800
UTRGV Basketball Men NCAA Division I Basketball WAC UTRGV Fieldhouse 2,500
Rio Grande Valley Dorados Arena Football afa Traveling Team

Defunct

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Club Sport League
Rio Grande Valley Dorados Arena football af2 (2004–09)
Rio Grande Valley Magic Arena football SIFL (2011)
LSFL (2012)
Rio Grande Valley Sol Arena football LSFL (2014)
XLIF (2015)
Hidalgo La Fiera Arena soccer MASL (2012–14)
Edinburg Roadrunners Baseball Texas–Louisiana League (2001)
Central Baseball League (2002–05)
United League Baseball (2006–10)
North American League (2011–12)
Rio Grande Valley Giants Baseball Texas League (1960–61)
Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings Baseball Texas–Louisiana League (1994–2001)
Central Baseball League (2002–03)
United League Baseball (2006–10)
North American League (2011–12)
Texas Thunder Baseball United League Baseball (2009–10)
North American League (2011–12)
United League Baseball (2013)
Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees Ice hockey CHL (2003–12)
Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees Ice hockey NAHL (2013–15)
Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees Ice hockey USA Central Hockey League (2018)
Rio Grande Valley Bravos FC Soccer PDL (2008–2010)
Rio Grande Valley FC Toros Soccer USLC (2015–2023)

Hospitals

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  • Cornerstone Regional Hospital, Edinburg, Texas
  • Edinburg Children's Hospital, Edinburg, Texas
  • Edinburg Regional Medical Center, Edinburg, Texas
  • Driscoll Children's Hospital Rio Grande Valley
  • Doctors Hospital at Renaissance, Edinburg, Texas
  • Harlingen Medical Center, Harlingen, Texas
  • McAllen Heart Hospital, McAllen, Texas
  • McAllen Medical Center, McAllen, Texas
  • Rio Grande Regional Hospital, McAllen, Texas
  • Rio Grande State Hospital, Harlingen, Texas
  • Solara Hospital, Harlingen, Texas
  • VA Health Care Center at Harlingen. Harlingen, Texas
  • Valley Baptist Medical Center, Harlingen, Texas
  • Valley Baptist Medical Center, Brownsville, Texas
  • Valley Regional Medical Center, Brownsville, Texas
  • Knapp Medical Center, Weslaco, Texas
  • Mission Regional Medical Center, Mission, Texas

Media

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Magazines

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  • The Go Guide (published by Above Group Advertising Agency)
  • Rio Grande Magazine
  • Viva el Valle
  • RGV Drives Magazine (published by MAT Media Solutions)
  • RGVision Magazine (published by RGVision Media)

Newspapers

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Television

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Radio

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  • KBFM Wild 104 (Hip Hop/Top 40 - IHeart Media)
  • XEEW-FM Los 40 Principales 97.7 (Top 40 Spanish/English)
  • KBTQ 96.1 Exitos (Spanish Oldies) Univision
  • KCAS 91.5 FM (Christian, Teaching/Preaching/Music)
  • KESO 92.7 KESO (Classic Hits)
  • KFRQ Q94.5 The Rock (Classic Rock) (All Rock All The Time)
  • KGBT 1530 La Tremenda (Univision)
  • KGBT-FM 98.5 FM (Regional Mexican) Univision
  • KHKZ Kiss FM 105.5 & 106.3 (Hot Adult Contemporary)
  • KIRT 1580 AM Radio Imagen (Variety, Spanish contemporary)
  • KIWW (Spanish)
  • KJAV Ultra 104.9 Sonamos Differente (Spanish AC & English HAC) (AC)
  • KKPS Fuego 99.5 (Spanish Hot AC (International hits)
  • KJJF/KHID 88.9/88.1 Religious (Relevant Radio)
  • KNVO-FM La Suavecita 101.1 (Spanish Hits)
  • KQXX Kiss FM 105.5 & 106.3 (Hot Adult Contemporary, simulcast of KHKZ - IHeart Media)
  • KTEX 100.3 (Mainstream Country - IHeart Media)
  • KURV 710 AM Heritage Talk Radio (part of the BMP family of stations)
  • KVLY 107.9 RGV FM (AC) (More Hits, More Variety)
  • KVMV 96.9 FM (Christian, Contemporary Music) World Radio Network
  • KVNS 1700AM (Fox Sports Radio - IHeart Media)
  • XHRYA-FM 90.9 Mas Music (Spanish/English Mix)
  • KBUC Super Tejano 102.1 (Tejano)

Notable people

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Notable people who were born, lived, or died in the Rio Grande Valley include:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Odintz, Mark and Vigness (2010-06-15). "Rio Grande Valley". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  2. ^ a b c d e Weber, John, 1978- (2015). From South Texas to the nation : the exploitation of Mexican labor in the twentieth century. Chapel Hill. ISBN 9781469625256. OCLC 921988476.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b "From the Archives of South Texas". Journal of South Texas. 33 (1): 150–152. 2019 – via EBSCO Host.
  4. ^ "Viva Spanglish!". Texas Monthly. 2001-10-01. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  5. ^ a b Roell, Craig H. (2013). Matamoros and the Texas Revolution. Denton: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0876112663. OCLC 857404621.
  6. ^ Cohen 4, Jason (2013-01-21). "Rio Grande Valley Tops List of "America's Poorest Cities"". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 2022-11-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Hidalgo, Margarita (1995). "Language and ethnicity in the "taboo" region: the U.S.-Mexico border". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 0165-2516,01652516 (114). Germany, Republic of, Germany, Republic of: Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 29–45. doi:10.1515/ijsl.
  8. ^ a b c "What is a Winter Texan, Winter Texans lifestyle". wintertexaninfo.com. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  9. ^ a b Leiker, James N., 1962- (2002). Racial borders : Black soldiers along the Rio Grande (1st ed.). College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 1585449636. OCLC 50667869.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Boswell, Angela, 1965- (2018-10-12). Women in Texas history (First ed.). College Station. ISBN 9781623497088. OCLC 1056952235.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Arnn, John W. (2012). Land of the Tejas : native American identity and interaction in Texas, a.d. 1300 to 1700. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292734999. OCLC 774399262.
  12. ^ a b c d e Alonzo, Armando C. (January 1998). Tejano legacy : rancheros and settlers in south Texas, 1734-1900 (First ed.). Albuquerque. ISBN 9780826328502. OCLC 865821392.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Osante, Patricia (17 August 2015). "Un proyecto de Antonio Ladrón de Guevara para las poblaciones de Nuevo Santander, 1767" [A project of Antonio Ladrón de Guevara for the settlements of Nuevo Santander, 1767]. Estudios de Historia Novohispana (in Spanish) (49): 170–191. doi:10.22201/iih.24486922e.2013.49.51382. hdl:20.500.12525/814.
  14. ^ de Lejarza, Fidel (1947). Conquista espiritual del Nuevo Santander (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Madrid.
  15. ^ Medina Bustos, José Marcos; Trejo Contreras, Zulema (December 2014). "Del Nuevo Santander a Tamaulipas: Génesis y construcción de un estado periférico mexicano 1770-1825" [Catherine Andrews and Jesús Hernández Jaimes (2012). From Nuevo Santander to Tamaulipas. Genesis and construction of a Mexican peripheral state 1770-1825]. Región y sociedad (in Spanish). 26 (61): 357–363.
  16. ^ Torget, Andrew J. (2015). Seeds of Empire: Cotton, Slavery, and the Transformation of the Texas Borderlands, 1800-1850. UNC Press Books. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-4696-2425-9.
  17. ^ a b McGill, Sara Ann. The war for Texan independence & the annexation of Texas. [Place of publication not identified]. ISBN 1429804351. OCLC 994400707.
  18. ^ Bauer, K. Jack (1974). The Mexican War, 1846-1848 (Bison books ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803261071. OCLC 25746154.
  19. ^ Brown, James Henry (1893). History of Texas, from 1865 to 1892. (In Two Volumes). Vol. 2. St. Louis: L. E. Daniell: Becktold & Co.
  20. ^ a b "FROM THE ARCHIVES OF SOUTH TEXAS". Journal of South Texas. 33 (1): 150–152. 2019 – via EBSCO Host.
  21. ^ Sadasivam, Naveena (August 21, 2018). "The Making of the 'Magic Valley'". The Texas Observer. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  22. ^ "Rio Grande Valley Sector Texas | U.S. Customs and Border Protection". www.cbp.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  23. ^ "Border Patrol History | U.S. Customs and Border Protection". www.cbp.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  24. ^ a b Klein, Christopher (26 December 2018). "Everything You Need to Know About the Mexico-United States Border". HISTORY. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  25. ^ Martinez, Monica Muñoz (2014). "Recuperating Histories of Violence in the Americas: Vernacular History-Making on the US–Mexico Border". American Quarterly. 66 (3): 661–689. doi:10.1353/aq.2014.0040. ISSN 1080-6490. S2CID 145354830.
  26. ^ Force, Texas Legislature Joint Committee of the House and Senate in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger. "Texas Legislature, Joint Committee of the House and Senate in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force: An Inventory of the Joint Committee of the House and Senate in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force Transcript of Proceedings at the Texas State Archives, 1919". legacy.lib.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  27. ^ "Rio Grande Valley's Role in World War II". KVEO-TV. 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
  28. ^ a b Cavazos, Nora Lisa (July 2014). Borderlands of the Rio Grande Valley: Where Two Worlds Become One (Thesis). hdl:10877/5284.
  29. ^ a b Akindayomi, Akinloye (July 2014). "Drug violence in Mexico and its impact on the fiscal realities of border cities in Texas: evidence from Rio Grande Valley counties" (PDF). Public and Municipal Finance. 3: 1–11. S2CID 145037282.
  30. ^ Long, Heather (October 1, 2018). "U.S., Canada and Mexico just reached a sweeping new NAFTA deal. Here's what's in it". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01.
  31. ^ Merchant, Nomaan (November 15, 2019). "Border wall fundraiser claims new construction in Texas". ABC News. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  32. ^ Sanchez, Sandra (November 19, 2019). "'We Build the Wall' issued cease and desist to stop construction in South Texas, officials confirm". CBS17.com. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  33. ^ Robison, Clay (2008-01-27). "Tex-Arcana: Why is it called the Rio Grande Valley?". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  34. ^ Winter Texan Resources for South Padre Island, Brownsville, Harlingen, and the Rio Grande Valley
  35. ^ Population Estimates for Rio Grande Valley Cities 2000-2004
  36. ^ a b "Explore Census Data".
  37. ^ Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley Fact Sheet
  38. ^ a b c d Rivera, Danielle Zoe (September 2014). "The Forgotten Americans: A Visual Exploration of Lower Rio Grande Valley Colonias". Michigan Journal of Sustainability. 2 (20181221). doi:10.3998/mjs.12333712.0002.010.
  39. ^ a b Bussert-Webb, Kathy; Diaz, María Eugenia; Yanez, Krystal A (2017). Justice & Space Matter in a Strong, Unified Latino Community. New York, New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-3205-6.
  40. ^ "The colonias of the Mexican border: Paving the way". The Economist. Vol. 398, no. 8718. Economist Intelligence Unit N.A. Incorporated. January 27, 2011. p. 30 (US). Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  41. ^ Galvin, Gaby (May 16, 2018). "On the Border, Out of the Shadows". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  42. ^ a b Mejias, Hugo A.; Anderson, Pamela L. (1984). "Attitudes toward Spanish language maintenance or shift (LMLS) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas". Southwest Journal of Linguistics. 7 (2): 116–124. ISSN 0737-4143 – via Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA).
  43. ^ "EDITORIAL: It counts: Census jobs could be chance to relay residents' concerns". Brownsville Herald. October 8, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  44. ^ "SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES". data.census.gov. 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  45. ^ "SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES". data.census.gov. 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  46. ^ a b Garcia, Cristina M (July 20, 2018). "Congressmen want more Spanish-speaking FEMA workers in RGV". The Monitor. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  47. ^ Alonzo, Armando (1998). Tejano Legacy: Rancheros and Settlers in South Texas, 1734-1900. United States of America: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2850-2.
  48. ^ "Santa Muerte shrines outside McAllen home do not violate ordinances". KVEO-TV. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  49. ^ a b "Santa Muerte statue at cemetery designed to kill". True Horror Stories of Texas. 2016-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  50. ^ "Bomb squad called in after Santa Muerte scare". San Benito News. 2015-05-09. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  51. ^ "Q&A – Occult experts weigh in on Saint Death's 'desecration'". San Benito News. 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  52. ^ Grammich, C., Hadaway, K., Houseal, R., Jones, D. E., Krindatch, A., Stanley, R., & Taylor, R. H. (2018, December 11). U.S. Religion Census Religious Congregations and Membership Study, 2010 (County File).
  53. ^ "Alkhair Islamic Society of RGV". Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  54. ^ "Baháʼís of Mcallen, Texas". Baháʼí Faith. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  55. ^ "Temple Emanuel". Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  56. ^ "Rio Grande Valley Sikh Society". rgv-sikh-society. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  57. ^ "Shri Nanak Center – A Hindu Community Center". Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  58. ^ "Flor de Nopal Sangha". Flor de Nopal Sangha. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  59. ^ Lopez, Danielle (2024-08-20). "The Magic of the Rio Grande Valley". Texas Highways. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  60. ^ Bird, Tyson (2024-09-02). "The Rio Grande Valley Is Texas' Greatest Culinary Secret". Texas Highways. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  61. ^ McCarthy, Amy (2024-05-14). "How Barbs B Q Pairs Mom's Green Spaghett With Perfect Brisket". Eater. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  62. ^ Briseño-González, Paola (3 December 2024). "Espagueti Verde (Creamy Roasted Poblano Pasta) Recipe". NYT Cooking. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  63. ^ Leimkuhler, Mia (5 December 2024). "It's Easy Being Green Spaghetti". New York Times.
  64. ^ Topalu, Feta (2024-01-08). "Espagueti Verde (Mexican Green Spaghetti) Recipe". Mashed. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  65. ^ a b "Rio Grande Valley: Barbacoa". PBS. 29 October 2018.
  66. ^ Segovia, Arnie (2024-06-12). "Whether You Call It Barbecue or Barbacoa, It's All About The Mouthwatering Flavors". Edible Rio Grande Valley. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  67. ^ a b "Climate McAllen - Texas and Weather averages McAllen". www.usclimatedata.com. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  68. ^ Treviño, Benjamin (November 4, 2018). "Winter Texan population continues to fluxuate". Brownsville Herald. Archived from the original on 2019-10-31. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  69. ^ a b Carrizo/Comecrudo Tribe of Texas, 2010-2021, http://carrizocomecrudonation.com/
  70. ^ Native Land Digital, 2024, https://native-land.ca/
  71. ^ https://native-land.ca/
  72. ^ https://uniteagainstbookbans.org/2023-book-bans/
  73. ^ Ned Blackhawk, "The Centrality of Dispossession: Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism," World History of Genocide: Volume II, Cambridge University Press, 4 May 2023.
  74. ^ Veronica Salinas, “Environmental organizations reach out to FAA regarding SpaceX's impact on wildlife,” Valley Central, Nexstar Media Inc, 23 July 2024, https://www.valleycentral.com/spacex/spacex-laying-roots-in-south-texas-decade-since-breaking-ground-at-boca-chica/amp/
  75. ^ a b Steve Taylor, “Valley groups send letter to FAA in protest at SpaceX's activity at Boca Chica,” Rio Grande Guardian, Indiegraf Media, 5 August 2024, https://riograndeguardian.com/valley-groups-send-letter-to-faa-in-protest-at-spacexs-activity-at-boca-chica/
  76. ^ Veronica Salinas, “Environmental organizations reach out to FAA regarding SpaceX's impact on wildlife”, Valley Central, Nexstar Media Inc, 23 July 2024, https://www.valleycentral.com/spacex/spacex-laying-roots-in-south-texas-decade-since-breaking-ground-at-boca-chica/amp/
  77. ^ National Park Service: Rancho de Carricitos
  78. ^ "South Padre Island Travel Guide". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
  79. ^ "American Travelers Seek Cheaper Prescription Drugs In Mexico And Beyond". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  80. ^ Rootstock and Scion Varieties by Julian W. Sauls, Professor & Extension Horticulturist, Texas AgriLife Extension
  81. ^ "Here's How Trump's Border Wall Could Affect Ecotourism in the Rio Grande Valley". Texas Monthly. 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  82. ^ Woosnam, Kyle M; Dudensing, Rebekka M; Hanselka, Dan; An, Seonhee (September 1, 2011). "An Initial Examination of the Economic Impact of Nature Tourism on the Rio Grande Valley" (PDF). South Texas Nature Marketing Coop.
  83. ^ "Flying Into The Rio Grande Valley". Welcome Home Rio Grande Valley. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  84. ^ "White sand and warm weather: American Airlines announces largest-ever winter schedule to the Caribbean and Latin America". American Airlines. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  85. ^ "Where Does United Fly?". United Airlines. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  86. ^ "Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport". Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  87. ^ "Welcome To The McAllen Airport Site - McAllen, TX". McAllen Miller International Airport.
  88. ^ "Harlingen Airport". Valley International Airport.
  89. ^ "Subcategory - Local Transportation Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas". Subcategory - Local Transportation Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  90. ^ a b 2019 Greyhound Bus Lines United States Map
  91. ^ "Central de Autobuses de Reynosa. Camionera en Tamaulipas". Autobuses y Camioneras (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  92. ^ "Going to the Border in Tamaulipas, Mexico? Get a Police Escort". InSight Crime. 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  93. ^ "Brownsville & Rio Grande International Railway, LLC". OmniTRAX. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  94. ^ "Port of Brownsville – The Port That Works". Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  95. ^ "Texas Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  96. ^ Peschard-Sverdrup, Armand (January 7, 2003). U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo (1 ed.). Center for Strategic & International Studies. ISBN 978-0892064243.
  97. ^ Yardley, Jim (April 19, 2002). "Water Rights War Rages on Faltering Rio Grande". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  98. ^ Guido, Zack. "Drought on the Rio Grande". Climate.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  99. ^ "Power of the Purse: Contributions of Hispanic Americans in the Rio Grande Valley". 2022.
  100. ^ "Support or Oppose gender affirming care for minors". 2023.
  101. ^ "New Survey Suggests General Society Not Willing to Allow More Rights for Transgender People". 2023.
  102. ^ Jordan, Jay R. (2024). "GOP doubles down anti-trans ads in Texas".
  103. ^ Roy, Evan L (2024). "How "wildly successful" anti-trans ads fired up Texas voters for Republicans".
  104. ^ Choi, Matthew (2024). "Republicans focus on anti-trans ads before election".
  105. ^ Diemente, Reena (2024). "Republicans in Texas ramp up anti-trans ads".
  106. ^ "Mess With TX Oil & Gas?". 2019.
  107. ^ Sanchez, Melissa (2024). "Immigrants' Resentment Over New Arrivals Helped Boost Trump's Popularity With Latino Voters".
  108. ^ Suzanna, Gamboa (2024). "Latino men voted for Trump in large numbers. Here's what they hope he delivers".
  109. ^ Gainey, Blaise (2024). "How Republicans managed to flip Texas' Rio Grande Valley".
  110. ^ Mone, John (2023). "Evangelical Christians Influencing Hispanic Community In Elections".
  111. ^ Mcgreal, Chris (2023). "They don't think he's talking about them".
  112. ^ "Hispanic Oil Workers Fear for Their Jobs". 2021.
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  116. ^ Porter, Charles Jesse (1940). Recreational Interests and Activities of High School Boys of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
  117. ^ a b c d Navarrete, Jose (September 1, 2018). "THE EVOLUTION OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION AND ITS SPILLOVER EFFECTS IN THE RIO GRANDE VALLEY". Journal of South Texas. 32: 136–147 – via Laredo College.
  118. ^ Nájera, Jennifer R., 1975- (2015). The borderlands of race : Mexican segregation in a South Texas town (First ed.). Austin. ISBN 9780292767560. OCLC 899987155.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  119. ^ Texas A&M University Higher Education Center at McAllen
  120. ^ RAHC Vision Statement
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lower Rio Grande Valley.
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