Wikipedia

Rebel Stakes

The Rebel Stakes is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old horses: one and one-sixteenth miles run on dirt each March at Oaklawn Park Race Track in Hot Springs, Arkansas. As of 2024, it offers a purse of $1,250,000. It is the second leg of Oaklawn's three-year-old stakes program, run after the Southwest Stakes and before the Arkansas Derby; it is also part of the Road to the Kentucky Derby.

Rebel Stakes
Grade II race
LocationOaklawn Park Race Track
Hot Springs, Arkansas, United States
Inaugurated1961 (as Rebel Handicap)
Race typeThoroughbred - Flat racing
Websitewww.oaklawn.com
Race information
Distance1 1⁄16 miles
SurfaceDirt
Trackleft-handed
QualificationThree-year-olds
Weight122 lbs with allowances
Purse$1,250,000 (2024)

History

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The race was first run on March 18, 1961, as the Rebel Handicap over a distance of one mile and seventy yards. It was won by Mrs. Vera E. Smith's Bass Clef in 1:422⁄5.[1] The victory was Bass Clef's fifth in a row, a run that included the Louisiana Derby. Later in the spring, Bass Clef would finish third to Carry Back in the Kentucky Derby.

The event immediately became a preparatory event for the Arkansas Derby. The 1965 winner Swift Ruler won both races.

In 1984, the conditions of the event were changed from handicap to stakes allowance and the event was renamed the Rebel Stakes.[2] That same year the distance was increased to one and one-sixteenth miles.[3]

In 1990, the event was upgraded to Grade III. It was downgraded to Listed for the 2003 and 2004 runnings. It was upgraded in 2008 to a Grade II by the American Graded Stakes Committee.[2]

Since 2013, the event has been part of the Road to the Kentucky Derby.

In 2019, the event was split into two divisions after Oaklawn president Louis Cella presented a sporting gesture after the San Felipe Stakes was abandoned in California. Road to Kentucky Derby qualification points for the first four finishers were adjusted.[4]

Records

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Time record:

  • 1 1⁄16 miles – 1:41.00 Vanlandingham (1984)
  • 1 mile and 70 yards – 1:40.80 Betemight (1967)

Margins:

  • 7 lengths – Etony (1968), Manastash Ridge (1989)

Most wins by an owner:

Most wins by a jockey:

Most wins by a trainer:

  • 8 - Bob Baffert (2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021)

Rebel Stakes – Arkansas Derby double:

  • Swift Ruler (1965), Traffic Mark (1969), Promised City (1975), Temperence Hill (1980), Bold Ego (1981), Sunny's Halo (1983), Demons Begone (1987), Pine Bluff (1992), Victory Gallop (1998), Smarty Jones (2004), Lawyer Ron (2006), Curlin (2007), American Pharoah (2015), Omaha Beach (2019)

Winners

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Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Distance Time Purse Grade Ref
Rebel Stakes
2024 Timberlake Cristian A. Torres Brad H. Cox WinStar Farm 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.00 $1,250,000 II [5]
2023 Confidence Game James Graham J. Keith Desormeaux Don't Tell My Wife Stables 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.21 $1,000,000 II [6]
2022 Un Ojo Ramon Vazquez Ricky Courville Cypress Creek Equine 1 1⁄16 miles 1:45.69 $1,000,000 II [7]
2021 Concert Tour Joel Rosario Bob Baffert Gary & Mary West 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.18 $1,000,000 II [8]
2020 Nadal Joel Rosario Bob Baffert George Bolton, Arthur Hoyeau, Barry Lipman & Mark Mathiesen 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.97 $1,000,000 II [9]
2019 Long Range Toddy Jon Court Steven M. Asmussen Willis Horton Racing 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.49 $750,000 II Division 1[10]
Omaha Beach Mike E. Smith Richard E. Mandella Fox Hill Farms (Rick Porter) 1:42.42 $750,000 Division 2[11]
2018 Magnum Moon Luis Saez Todd A. Pletcher Lawana L. & Robert E. Low 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.68 $900,000 II [12]
2017 Malagacy Javier Castellano Todd A. Pletcher Sumaya U.S. Stable (Oussama Aboughazale) 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.00 $900,000 II [13]
2016 Cupid Martin Garcia Bob Baffert Derrick Smith, Susan Magnier, Michael Tabor 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.84 $900,000 II [14]
2015 American Pharoah Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables 1 1⁄16 miles 1:45.78 $750,000 II [15]
2014 Hoppertunity Mike E. Smith Bob Baffert Karl Watson, Michael Pegram, Paul Weitman 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.90 $600,000 II [16]
2013 Will Take Charge Jon Court D. Wayne Lukas Willis D. Horton 1 1⁄16 miles 1:45.18 $600,000 II [17]
2012 Secret Circle Rafael Bejarano Bob Baffert Karl Watson, Michael Pegram, Paul Weitman 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.55 $500,000 II [18]
2011 The Factor Martin Garcia Bob Baffert Fog City Stable & George Bolton 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.19 $300,000 II [19]
2010 Lookin at Lucky Garrett K. Gomez Bob Baffert Karl Watson, Michael Pegram, Paul Weitman 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.06 $300,000 II [20]
2009 Win Willy M. Clifton Berry McLean Robertson Jer-Mar Stable 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.41 $300,000 II [21]
2008 Sierra Sunset Christopher A. Emigh Jeffrey L. Bonde Philip Lebherz, Al Mariani, George Schmitt & Carol Wirth Trust 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.88 $300,000 II [22]
2007 Curlin Robby Albarado Steven M. Asmussen Padua Stables, Stonestreet Stables, George Bolton & Midnight Cry Stable 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.70 $300,000 III [23]
2006 Lawyer Ron John McKee Robert E. Holthus Estate of James T. Hines, Jr. 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.09 $300,000 III [24]
2005 Greater Good John McKee Robert E. Holthus Lewis G. Lakin 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.92 $250,000 III [25]
2004 Smarty Jones Stewart Elliott John C. Servis Someday Farm 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.07 $200,000 Listed [26]
2003 Crowned King Chandra R. Rennie Billy C. McKeever Jr. McKeever Racing Stable 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.00 $125,000 Listed [27]
2002 Windward Passage Donnie Meche Steven M. Asmussen Team Valor 1 1⁄16 miles 1:45.06 $100,000 III [28]
2001 Crafty Shaw Joe M. Johnson Peter M. Vestal Lucky Seven Stable 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.82 $100,000 III [29]
2000 Snuck In Cash Asmussen Steven M. Asmussen Ackerley Brothers Farm 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.99 $100,000 III [30]
1999 Etbauer Mike E. Smith Steve Wren Kaaren J. & Hays M. Biggs 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.02 $125,000 III [31]
1998 Victory Gallop Eibar Coa W. Elliott Walden Prestonwood Farm 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.72 $125,000 III [32]
1997 Phantom On Tour Larry Melancon Lynn S. Whiting W. Cal Partee 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.93 $125,000 III [33]
1996 Ide Craig Perret Peter M. Vestal Willmott Stables 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.10 $100,000 III [34]
1995 Mystery Storm Craig Perret Larry Robideaux Jr. David Beard 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.41 $125,000 III [35]
1994 Judge T C Joe M. Johnson Gary G. Hartlage Bea & Robert H. Roberts 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.14 $125,000 III [36]
1993 § Dalhart Mike E. Smith Thomas K. Bohannan Loblolly Stable 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.31 $125,000 III [37]
1992 Pine Bluff Jerry D. Bailey Thomas K. Bohannan Loblolly Stable 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.83 $125,000 III [38]
1991 Quintana David Guillory David C. Cross Jr. Gary M. Garber 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.70 $100,000 III [39]
1990 Nuits St. Georges James Edward Bruin Douglas R. Peterson Photini Jaffe 1 1⁄16 miles 1:46.00 $100,000 III [40]
1989 Manastash Ridge Antonio Lopez Castanon D. Wayne Lukas Tayhill Stables 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.00 $100,000 [41]
1988 Sea Trek Patrick A. Johnson Gary G. Hartlage Diana Stables 1 1⁄16 miles 1:42.60 $122,500 [42]
1987 Demons Begone Pat Day Philip M. Hauswald Loblolly Stable 1 1⁄16 miles 1:41.40 $147,700 [43]
1986 Rare Brick Mike E. Smith A. J. Foyt III Pin Oak Stable & A. J. Foyt 1 1⁄16 miles 1:43.20 $132,600 [44]
1985 Clever Allemont Pat Day Lynn S. Whiting W. Cal Partee 1 1⁄16 miles 1:44.40 $163,500 [45]
1984 Vanlandingham Pat Day Claude R. McGaughey III Loblolly Stable 1 1⁄16 miles 1:41.00 $167,900 [46]
Rebel Handicap
1983 Sunny's Halo (CAN) Larry Snyder David C. Cross Jr. David J. Foster 1 mile & 70 yards 1:42.20 $114,750 [47]
1982 Bold Style Larry Snyder Jack Van Berg Len Mayer 1 mile & 70 yards 1:44.40 $85,700 [48]
1981 Bold Ego John Lively Dennis Werre Double B Ranch & Joseph Kidd 1 mile & 70 yards 1:41.20 $59,300 [49]
1980 Temperence Hill Darrell Haire Joseph B. Cantey Loblolly Stable 1 mile & 70 yards 1:44.40 $64,050 [50]
1979 Lucy's Axe Eddie Maple Joseph B. Cantey Mrs. Lucy H. Close 1 mile & 70 yards 1:42.80 $59,850 [51]
1978 Chop Chop Tomahawk Larry Snyder Earl R. Jackson Daybreak Farm 1 mile & 70 yards 1:42.40 $60,250 [52]
1977 § United Holme Jorge Enrique Tejeira Robert E. Holthus Wanda Lofton & Dixie Holthus 1 mile & 70 yards 1:44.20 $61,350 [53]
1976 ƒ Riverside Sam Garth Patterson Earl R. Jackson Daybreak Farm 1 mile & 70 yards 1:41.60 $62,250 [54]
1975 Promised City David E. Whited Larry Spraker Big I Farm 1 mile & 70 yards 1:44.40 $50,000 [55]
1974 § Perfect Aim Geary E. Louviere Harold Tinker W. Cal Partee 1 mile & 70 yards 1:44.40 $50,000 [56]
1973 Game Lad Al Herrera David R. Vance Dan Lasater 1 mile & 70 yards 1:41.20 $30,000 [57]
1972 Our Trade Winds Lonnie Ray Robert E. Holthus Robert Mitchell 1 mile & 70 yards 1:42.60 $25,000 [58]
1971 Compte Deux Don Brumfield Ike K. Mourar Robert E. Lehmann 1 mile & 70 yards 1:44.40 $25,000 [59]
1970 Admiral's Shield Stanley A. Spencer Harvey L. Vanier W. C. Robinson Jr. 1 mile & 70 yards 1:44.00 $20,000 [60]
1969 Traffic Mark Phil I. Grimm Ronnie G. Warren Mr. & Mrs. Robert F. Roberts 1 mile & 70 yards 1:42.80 $15,000 [61]
1968 Etony John Pagano Harry Holcomb G. B. Newbill 1 mile & 70 yards 1:43.80 $12,500 [62]
1967 Betemight (CAN) Henry Moreno Douglas M. Davis, Jr. George M. Holtsinger & Doug Davis Stables 1 mile & 70 yards 1:40.80 $10,000 [63]
1966 Timely Move Marty Freed Charlie Vinci Cantor & Hill 1 mile & 70 yards 1:42.20 $10,000 [64]
1965 Swift Ruler Larry Spraker Gin L. Collins Earl Allen 1 mile & 70 yards 1:44.20 $10,000 [65]
1964 † Spike Nail Ronnie J. Campbell Robert E. Holthus C. O. Viar 1 mile & 70 yards 1:43.00 $10,000 [66]
1963 Devil It Is Robert Gallimore Gino T. Alberico Bar-Al-Mar Stable 1 mile & 70 yards 1:45.00 $10,000 [67]
1962 Treasury Note Wayne Chambers Henry Forrest J. C. Pollard 1 mile & 70 yards 1:42.40 $10,000 [68]
1961 Bass Clef Ronald Baldwin Anthony W. Rupelt Mrs. Vera E. Smith 1 mile & 70 yards 1:42.40 $10,000 [1]

Notes:
§ Ran as an entry
ƒ Ran as the field entry
† Floral Shop was first past the post but was disqualified for interference and placed second. Spike Nail was declared the winner.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Bass Clef Winner Of Rebel Handicap – (race 8: held 18 March 1961)". Lexington Leader. The Associated Press. 19 March 1961. p. 21. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Stakes profile". www.equibase.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  3. ^ "REBEL STAKES - MULTIPLE TRACKS". Thoroughbred Database. 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  4. ^ BloodHorse Staff (6 March 2019). "Oaklawn to Split Rebel Stakes if Enough Interest". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  5. ^ "2024 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 (race 11)". Equibase. 24 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  6. ^ "2023 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 11)". Equibase. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  7. ^ "2022 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 11)". Equibase. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  8. ^ "2021 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 11)". Equibase. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  9. ^ "2020 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  10. ^ "2019 Rebel Stakes Division 1 Grade 2 - (race 8)". Equibase. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  11. ^ "2019 Rebel Stakes Division 2 Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  12. ^ "2018 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 17 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  13. ^ "2017 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  14. ^ "2016 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  15. ^ "2015 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  16. ^ "2014 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  17. ^ "2013 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  18. ^ "2012 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 17 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  19. ^ "2011 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 19 March 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  20. ^ "2010 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  21. ^ "2009 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 14 March 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  22. ^ "2008 Rebel Stakes Grade 2 - (race 10)". Equibase. 15 March 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  23. ^ "2007 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 10)". Equibase. 17 March 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  24. ^ "2006 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 10)". Equibase. 18 March 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  25. ^ "2005 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 10)". Equibase. 19 March 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  26. ^ "2004 Rebel Stakes Listed - (race 10)". Equibase. 20 March 2004. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  27. ^ "2003 Rebel Stakes Listed - (race 10)". Equibase. 22 March 2003. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  28. ^ "2002 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 10)". Equibase. 23 March 2002. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  29. ^ "2001 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 10)". Equibase. 24 March 2001. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  30. ^ "2000 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 10)". Equibase. 25 March 2000. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  31. ^ "1999 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 10)". Equibase. 20 March 1999. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  32. ^ "1998 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 21 March 1998. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  33. ^ "1997 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 22 March 1997. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  34. ^ "1996 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 23 March 1996. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  35. ^ "1995 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 1 April 1995. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  36. ^ "1994 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 2 April 1994. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  37. ^ "1993 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 27 March 1993. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  38. ^ "1992 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 28 March 1992. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  39. ^ "1991 Rebel Stakes Grade 3 - (race 9)". Equibase. 30 March 1991. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  40. ^ "Nuits St. Georges enters Derby picture with win at 30-1 odds – (race 9: held 31 March 1990)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 1 April 1990. p. 17. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  41. ^ "Manastash Ridge romps in Rebel Stakes at Oaklawn – (race 9: held 1 April 1989)". Lexington Herald-Leader. The Associated Press. 2 April 1989. p. 37. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  42. ^ "Long shot Sea Trek takes inside road to win – (race 9: held 2 April 1988)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 3 April 1988. p. 16. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  43. ^ "Demons Begone wins Rebel Stakes to set owner's worries aside – (race 9: held 28 March 1987)". Lexington Herald-Leader. The Associated Press. 29 March 1987. p. 32. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  44. ^ "Rare Brick meets test, captures Rebel Stakes – (race 9: held 29 March 1986)". The Miami Herald. Herald Wire Services. 30 March 1986. p. 502. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  45. ^ "Clever Allemont breezes by 5 lengths – (race 9: held 30 March 1985)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 31 March 1985. p. 35. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  46. ^ "Day rides Vanlandingham to Rebel win – (race 9: held 31 March 1984)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 1 April 1984. p. 37. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  47. ^ "Sunny's Halo is Rebel winner – (race 9: held 26 March 1983)". Shreveport Times. Wire Reports. 27 March 1983. p. 62. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Derby colts Bold Style, Reinvested win – (race 9: held 20 March 1982)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 21 March 1982. p. 21. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  49. ^ "Bold Ego Romps to Rebel victory – (race 9: held 14 March 1981)". The Tennessean. The Associated Press. 15 March 1981. p. 103. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  50. ^ "... Temperence Hill scores – (race 9: held 15 March 1980)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 16 March 1980. p. 62. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  51. ^ "Lucy's Axe chops Rebel foes – (race 9: held 24 March 1979)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 25 March 1979. p. 44. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  52. ^ "Tomahawk captures Rebel 'Cap – (race 9: held 11 March 1978)". The Miami Herald. Herald Wire Services. 12 March 1978. p. 59. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  53. ^ "United Holme and ... – (race 9: held 12 March 1977)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 13 March 1977. p. 43. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  54. ^ "Riverside Sam surprises in Rebel as Wardlaw 4th; – (race 9: held 13 March 1976)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 14 March 1976. pp. 12, 13. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  55. ^ "Derby nominee Promised City captures Rebel 'Cap by length – (race 9: held 15 March 1975)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 16 March 1975. p. 47. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  56. ^ "...; Perfect Aim outlasts J.R.'s Pet – (race 9: held 16 March 1974)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 17 March 1974. p. 55. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  57. ^ "Game Lad captures Rebel – (race 9: held 17 March 1973)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 18 March 1973. p. 50. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  58. ^ "Our Trade Winds Hots Wire in Rebel Handicap – (race 8: held 11 March 1972)". Shreveport Times. The Associated Press. 12 March 1972. p. 50. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  59. ^ "Lehmann colt is winner – (race 8: held 13 March 1971)". Shreveport Times. The Associated Press. 14 March 1971. p. 28. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  60. ^ "'Shield' takes race – (race 8: held 14 March 1970)". Shreveport Times. The Associated Press. 15 March 1970. p. 28. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  61. ^ "Oaklawn – (race 8: held 15 March 1969 )". Detroit Free Press. The Associated Press. 17 March 1969. p. 59. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  62. ^ "Etony wins by 7 Over 9 Others in Rebel Race – (race 8: held 16 March 1968 )". The Kansas City Star. The Associated Press. 17 March 1968. p. 34. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  63. ^ "Betemight Triumphs in Rebel Handicap – (race 8: held 18 March 1967)". The Daily Oklahoman. The Associated Press. 19 March 1967. p. 34. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  64. ^ "Timely Move Upsets – (race 8: held 12 March 1966)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 13 March 1966. p. 52. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  65. ^ "Swift Ruler Cops Rebel Handicap – (race 9: held 13 March 1965)". The Courier-Journal. The Associated Press. 14 March 1965. p. 58. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  66. ^ "Spike Nail Wins Feature On Foul at Oaklawn Park – (race 8: held 14 March 1964)". The Daily Oklahoman. The Associated Press. 15 March 1964. p. 63. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  67. ^ "Devil It Is Wins Feature at Oaklawn – (race 8: held 16 March 1963)". Lexington Leader. The Associated Press. 17 March 1963. p. 21. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  68. ^ "Treasury Note Wins Oaklawn Park Race – (race 8: held 17 March 1962)". The Lexington Herald. The Associated Press. 18 March 1963. p. 16. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
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