In human speech, egressive sounds are sounds in which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose. The three types of egressive sounds are pulmonic egressive (from the lungs), glottalic egressive (from the glottis), and lingual (velaric) egressive (from the tongue). The opposite of an egressive sound is an ingressive sound, in which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose.
| Egressive | |
|---|---|
| ↑◌ | |
| IPA number | 662 |
| Encoding | |
| Unicode (hex) | U 2191 |
Pulmonic egressive
editPulmonic egressive sounds are those in which the air stream is created by the lungs, ribs, and diaphragm. The majority of sounds in most languages, such as /b/, are both pulmonic and egressive. Pulmonic egressive sounds are found in all spoken languages.[1]
Glottalic egressive
editGlottalic egressive sounds are known as ejectives.
Lingual egressive
editThe lingual egressive, also known as velaric egressive, involves a double closure similar to that of the lingual ingressive sounds known as clicks, but with airflow in the opposite direction. With the velum closed, the speaker forces air out of the mouth using either the tongue or cheeks, as in the French expression of dismissal. While not known to be used for normal vocabulary in any human language,[2] apart from the extinct Australian ritual language Damin, a variation of this airstream mechanism is known to musicians as part of circular breathing.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ogden, Richard. An Introduction to English Phonetics. Edinburgh University Press, 2009, p. 154.
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter (2006). A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 1-4130-0688-4.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.