Proto-Yeniseian language

Proto-Yeniseian
Proto-Yeniseian
Proto-Yeniseic, PY
Reconstruction of	Yeniseian languages
Reconstructed; ancestor	Proto-Dené–Yeniseian?
Lower-order reconstructions	Proto-Ketic; Proto-Pumpokolic; Proto-Arinic; Proto-Kottic;

Proto-Yeniseian or Proto-Yeniseic is the unattested reconstructed proto-language from which all Yeniseian languages are thought to descend from. It is uncertain whether Proto-Yeniseian had a similar tone/pitch accent system as Ket.^[1] Many studies about Proto-Yeniseian phonology have been done; however, there are still many things unclear about Proto-Yeniseian.^[2] The probable location of the Yeniseian homeland is proposed on the basis of geographic names and genetic studies, which suggests a homeland in Southern Siberia.^[3]

Phonology

According to Vajda, Proto-Yeniseian had the following phonemes, expressed in IPA symbols.^[4]

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Labiovelar	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		*m	*n				*ŋʷ	*ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	*p	*t	*č [t͡ʃ]	*tʳ [ʈ]	*c	*kʷ	*k	*q
Plosive	voiced	*b	*d	*ǰ [d͡ʒ]	*dʳ [ɖ]	*ɟ	*ɡʷ	*ɡ	*ɢ
Fricative			*s	*š [ʃ]	(*šʳ [ʂ])	*ç	*xʷ	*x	*χ
Lateral			*ɬ	*tɬ
Approximant		*w				*j
Rhotic					*r

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ij *iw		u uj *uw
Mid	e ej *ew		o oj *ow
Open		a aj *aw

Vocabulary

*xuɬ ‘water’
*xuše ‘birch tree’
*am ‘mother’
*ejn ‘wedge’
*qed ‘man’
*bes ‘rabbit’
*don ‘knife’
*kus ‘horse’
*pub ‘son’
*bus ‘penis’
*satʳ ‘crucian (fish)’
*baŋ ‘land’
*tijk ‘snow’
*bejx ‘wind’
*tɬiwdʳ ‘lard’, ‘oil’
*ɬaɢa ‘star’

References

^ "Ket language".
^ de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2006). "Proto-Yeniseian ūr₁'water'". Central Asiatic Journal. 50 (1): 3–7. JSTOR 41928405.3-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928405#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=de la Fuente&rft.aufirst=José Andrés Alonso&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928405&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
^ "Yeneseian and Dene hydronyms" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ Fortescue, Michael D.; Vajda, Edward J. (2022), Mid-Holocene Language Connections Between Asia and North America, (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, 17), Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2003). "Yeniseic languages from a Siberian areal perspective". STUF - Language Typology and Universals. 56 (1–2): 12–39. doi:10.1524/stuf.2003.56.12.12.1–2&rft.pages=12-39&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1524/stuf.2003.56.12.12&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gregory D. S.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
Bonmann, S.; Fries, S.; Korobzow, N.; Günther, L.; Hill, E. (2023). "Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 5 (1): 39–82. doi:10.1163/25898833-20230037.39-82&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/25898833-20230037&rft.aulast=Bonmann&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Fries, S.&rft.au=Korobzow, N.&rft.au=Günther, L.&rft.au=Hill, E.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
- Hill, Eugen; Fries, Simon; Korobzow, Natalie; Günther, Laura; Bonmann, Svenja (2024). "Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 6 (2): 216–293. doi:10.1163/25898833-20240062.216-293&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/25898833-20240062&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft.au=Fries, Simon&rft.au=Korobzow, Natalie&rft.au=Günther, Laura&rft.au=Bonmann, Svenja&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
Fries, Simon; Bonmann, Svenja (2023). "The Development of Arin kul 'water' ~ Kott ûl, Ket ¹u·l', Yugh ¹ur and Its Typological Background"". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 5 (2): 183–198. doi:10.1163/25898833-20230044.183-198&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/25898833-20230044&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Bonmann, Svenja&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2010). "Proto-Yeniseian *dïn ~ *dïñ 'Fir Tree'". Central Asiatic Journal. 54 (1): 12–21. JSTOR 41928529.12-21&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928529#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=de la Fuente&rft.aufirst=José Andrés Alonso&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988"> Accessed 19 June 2023.
Janhunen, Juha (2012). "Etymological and ethnohistorical aspects of the Yenisei". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia (SEC). 17 (1): 67–87.67-87&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https://www.academia.edu/44351079&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
Starostin, Sergei A.; Ruhlen, Merritt (1994). "Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons". On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. doi:10.1515/9781503622357-006. ISBN 978-1-5036-2235-7.70-92&rft.pub=Stanford University Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info:doi/10.1515/9781503622357-006&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-2235-7&rft.aulast=Starostin&rft.aufirst=Sergei A.&rft.au=Ruhlen, Merritt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
Timonina, Lyudmila G. (2004). "On distinguishing loanwords from the original Proto-Yeniseic lexicon". In Vajda, E. J. (ed.). Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 262. pp. 135–142. doi:10.1075/cilt.262.07tim. ISBN 978-90-272-4776-6.135-142&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info:doi/10.1075/cilt.262.07tim&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4776-6&rft.aulast=Timonina&rft.aufirst=Lyudmila G.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
Vajda, Edward. "Losing semantic alignment: from Proto-Yeniseic to Modern Ket". In: The typology of semantic alignment. Eds. Tim Donohue & Soeren Wichman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. pp. 140–161. ISBN 9780199238385.
Vajda, Edward (2022). "Yeniseian Languages". Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 246–278. doi:10.1163/9789004436824_013. ISBN 978-90-04-43682-4.246-278&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/9789004436824_013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43682-4&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">
Vajda, Edward. "8 The Yeniseian language family". The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families, edited by Edward Vajda, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2024, pp. 365-480. doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008
М. В. Филимонов. "Праенисейская падежная система и некоторые проблемы морфологии имени в енисейских языках" [PROTO-YENISSEAN CASE SYSTEM AND SOME PROBLEM OF NOUN MORPHOLOGY IN YENISSEAN LANGUAGES]. In: Вестник Томского государственного педагогического университета, no. 4 (12), 1999, pp. 64-66. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/praeniseyskaya-padezhnaya-sistema-i-nekotorye-problemy-morfologii-imeni-v-eniseyskih-yazykah (дата обращения: 19.06.2023). (in Russian)

External links

Proto-Yeniseian reconstructions at Wiktionary

[1] "Ket language".

[2] Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2006). "Proto-Yeniseian ūr₁'water'". Central Asiatic Journal. 50 (1): 3–7. JSTOR 41928405.3-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928405#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=de la Fuente&rft.aufirst=José Andrés Alonso&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928405&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Proto-Yeniseian language" class="Z3988">

[3] "Yeneseian and Dene hydronyms" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.

[4] Fortescue, Michael D.; Vajda, Edward J. (2022), Mid-Holocene Language Connections Between Asia and North America, (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, 17), Leiden, Boston: Brill.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]