Promethium (61Pm) is an artificial element, except in trace quantities as a product of spontaneous fission of 238U and 235U and alpha decay of 151Eu, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. It was first synthesized in 1945.
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Forty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 145Pm with a half-life of 17.7 years, 146Pm with a half-life of 5.53 years, and 147Pm with a half-life of 2.6234 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 365 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 18 meta states with the most stable being 148mPm (t1/2 41.29 days), 152m2Pm (t1/2 13.8 minutes) and 152mPm (t1/2 7.52 minutes).
The isotopes of promethium range in mass number from 126 to 166. The primary decay mode for 146Pm and lighter isotopes is electron capture, and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta decay. The primary decay products before 146Pm are isotopes of neodymium, and the primary products after are isotopes of samarium.
List of isotopes
edit
Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[2] [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life[1] [n 4] |
Decay mode[1] [n 5] |
Daughter isotope [n 6][n 7] |
Spin and parity[1] [n 8][n 4] |
Isotopic abundance | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy[n 4] | |||||||||||||||||||
128Pm | 61 | 67 | 127.94823(32)# | 1.0(3) s | β (?%) | 128Nd | 4 # | ||||||||||||
β , p (?%) | 127Pr | ||||||||||||||||||
129Pm | 61 | 68 | 128.94291(32)# | 2.4(9) s | β | 129Nd | 5/2 # | ||||||||||||
130Pm | 61 | 69 | 129.94045(22)# | 2.6(2) s | β (?%) | 130Nd | (5 , 6 , 4 ) | ||||||||||||
β , p (?%) | 129Pr | ||||||||||||||||||
131Pm | 61 | 70 | 130.93583(22)# | 6.3(8) s | β | 131Nd | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||
132Pm | 61 | 71 | 131.93384(16)# | 6.2(6) s | β | 132Nd | (3 ) | ||||||||||||
β , p (5×10−5%) | 131Pr | ||||||||||||||||||
133Pm | 61 | 72 | 132.929782(54) | 13.5(21) s | β | 133Nd | (3/2 ) | ||||||||||||
133mPm | 129.7(7) keV | 8# s | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
134Pm | 61 | 73 | 133.928326(45) | 22(1) s | β | 134Nd | (5 ) | ||||||||||||
134m1Pm | 50(50)# keV[n 9] | ~5 s | β | 134Nd | (2 ) | ||||||||||||||
134m2Pm | 120(50)# keV | 20(1) μs | IT | 134Pm | (7−) | ||||||||||||||
135Pm | 61 | 74 | 134.924785(89) | 49(3) s | β | 135Nd | (3/2 , 5/2 ) | ||||||||||||
135mPm | 240(100)# keV | 40(3) s | β | 135Nd | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
136Pm | 61 | 75 | 135.923596(74) | 107(6) s | β | 136Nd | 7 # | ||||||||||||
136m1Pm[n 9] | 100(120) keV | 90(35) s | β | 136Nd | 2 # | ||||||||||||||
136m2Pm | 42.7(2) keV | 1.5(1) μs | IT | 136Pm | 7−# | ||||||||||||||
137Pm | 61 | 76 | 136.920480(14) | 2# min | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||||
137mPm | 160(50) keV | 2.4(1) min | β | 137Nd | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
138Pm | 61 | 77 | 137.919576(12) | 3.24(5) min | β | 138Nd | 3−# | ||||||||||||
139Pm | 61 | 78 | 138.916799(15) | 4.15(5) min | β | 139Nd | (5/2) | ||||||||||||
139mPm | 188.7(3) keV | 180(20) ms | IT | 139Pm | (11/2)− | ||||||||||||||
140Pm | 61 | 79 | 139.916036(26) | 9.2(2) s | β | 140Nd | 1 | ||||||||||||
140mPm | 429(28) keV | 5.95(5) min | β | 140Nd | 8− | ||||||||||||||
141Pm | 61 | 80 | 140.913555(15) | 20.90(5) min | β | 141Nd | 5/2 | ||||||||||||
141m1Pm | 628.62(7) keV | 630(20) ns | IT | 141Pm | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
141m2Pm | 2530.75(17) keV | >2 μs | IT | 141Pm | (23/2 ) | ||||||||||||||
142Pm | 61 | 81 | 141.912891(25) | 40.5(5) s | β (77.1%) | 142Nd | 1 | ||||||||||||
EC (22.9%) | 142Nd | ||||||||||||||||||
142m1Pm | 883.17(16) keV | 2.0(2) ms | IT | 142Pm | (8)− | ||||||||||||||
142m2Pm | 2828.7(6) keV | 67(5) μs | IT | 142Pm | (13−) | ||||||||||||||
143Pm | 61 | 82 | 142.9109381(32) | 265(7) d | EC | 143Nd | 5/2 | ||||||||||||
β (<5.7×10−6%) | |||||||||||||||||||
144Pm | 61 | 83 | 143.9125962(31) | 363(14) d | EC | 144Nd | 5− | ||||||||||||
β (<8×10−5%) | |||||||||||||||||||
144m1Pm | 840.90(5) keV | 780(200) ns | IT | 144Pm | (9) | ||||||||||||||
144m2Pm | 8595.8(22) keV | ~2.7 μs | IT | 144Pm | (27 ) | ||||||||||||||
145Pm | 61 | 84 | 144.9127557(30) | 17.7(4) y | EC | 145Nd | 5/2 | ||||||||||||
α (2.8×10−7%) | 141Pr | ||||||||||||||||||
146Pm | 61 | 85 | 145.9147022(46) | 5.53(5) y | EC (66.0%) | 146Nd | 3− | ||||||||||||
β− (34.0%) | 146Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
147Pm[n 10] | 61 | 86 | 146.9151449(14) | 2.6234(2) y | β− | 147Sm | 7/2 | Trace[n 11] | |||||||||||
148Pm | 61 | 87 | 147.9174811(61) | 5.368(7) d | β− | 148Sm | 1− | ||||||||||||
148mPm | 137.9(3) keV | 41.29(11) d | β− (95.8%) | 148Sm | 5−, 6− | ||||||||||||||
IT (4.2%) | 148Pm | ||||||||||||||||||
149Pm[n 10] | 61 | 88 | 148.9183415(23) | 53.08(5) h | β− | 149Sm | 7/2 | ||||||||||||
149mPm | 240.214(7) keV | 35(3) μs | IT | 149Pm | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
150Pm | 61 | 89 | 149.920990(22) | 2.698(15) h | β− | 150Sm | (1−) | ||||||||||||
151Pm[n 10] | 61 | 90 | 150.9212166(49) | 28.40(4) h | β− | 151Sm | 5/2 | ||||||||||||
152Pm | 61 | 91 | 151.923505(28) | 4.12(8) min | β− | 152Sm | 1 | ||||||||||||
152mPm | 140(90) keV[n 9] | 7.52(8) min | β− | 152Sm | 4(−) | ||||||||||||||
153Pm | 61 | 92 | 152.9241563(97) | 5.25(2) min | β− | 153Sm | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
154Pm | 61 | 93 | 153.926713(27) | 2.68(7) min | β− | 154Sm | (4 ) | ||||||||||||
154mPm[n 9] | −230(50) keV | 1.73(10) min | β− | 154Sm | (1−) | ||||||||||||||
155Pm | 61 | 94 | 154.9281370(51) | 41.5(2) s | β− | 155Sm | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
156Pm | 61 | 95 | 155.9311141(13) | 27.4(5) s | β− | 156Sm | 4 | ||||||||||||
156mPm | 150.30(10) keV | 2.3(20) s | IT (98%) | 156Pm | 1 # | ||||||||||||||
β− (2%) | 156Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
157Pm | 61 | 96 | 156.9331213(75) | 10.56(10) s | β− | 157Sm | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
158Pm | 61 | 97 | 157.93654695(95) | 4.8(5) s | β− | 158Sm | (0 ,1 )# | ||||||||||||
158mPm | 150(50)# keV | >16 μs | IT | 158Pm | 5 # | ||||||||||||||
159Pm | 61 | 98 | 158.939286(11) | 1.648 0.43 −0.42 s[3] |
β− | 159Sm | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
159mPm | 1465.0(5) keV | 4.42(17) μs | IT | 159Pm | 17/2 # | ||||||||||||||
β−, n (<0.6%)[3] | 158Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
160Pm | 61 | 99 | 159.9432153(22) | 874 16 −12 ms[3] |
β− | 160Sm | 6−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (<0.1%)[3] | 159Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
160mPm | 191(11) keV | >700 ms | 1−# | ||||||||||||||||
161Pm | 61 | 100 | 160.9462298(97) | 724 20 −12 ms[3] |
β− (98.91%) | 161Sm | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
β−, n (1.09%)[3] | 160Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
161mPm | 965.9(9) keV | 890(90) ns | IT | 161Pm | (13/2 ) | ||||||||||||||
162Pm | 61 | 101 | 161.95057(32)# | 467 38 −18 ms[3] |
β− (98.21%) | 162Sm | 2 # | ||||||||||||
β−, n (1.79%)[3] | 161Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
163Pm | 61 | 102 | 162.95388(43)# | 362 42 −30 ms[3] |
β− (95%) | 163Sm | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (5.00%)[3] | 162Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
164Pm | 61 | 103 | 163.95882(43)# | 280 38 −33 ms[3] |
β− (93.82%) | 164Sm | 5−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (6.18%)[3] | 163Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
165Pm | 61 | 104 | 164.96278(54)# | 297 111 −101 ms[3] |
β− (86.74%) | 165Sm | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (13.26%)[3] | 164Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
166Pm | 61 | 105 | 228 131 −112 ms[3] |
β− | 166Sm | ||||||||||||||
β−, n (<52%)[3] | 165Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
- ^ mPm – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission - ^ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
- ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ a b c d Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
- ^ a b c Fission product
- ^ Spontaneous fission product of 232Th, 235U, 238U and alpha decay daughter of primordial 151Eu
Stability of promethium isotopes
editPromethium is one of the two elements of the first 82 elements that has no stable isotopes. This is a rarely occurring effect of the liquid drop model. Namely, promethium does not have any beta-stable isotopes, as for any mass number, it is energetically favorable for a promethium isotope to undergo positron emission or beta decay, respectively forming a neodymium or samarium isotope which has a higher binding energy per nucleon. The other element for which this happens is technetium (Z = 43).
Promethium-147
editPromethium-147 has a half-life of 2.62 years, and is a fission product produced in nuclear reactors via beta decay from neodymium-147. The isotopes 142Nd, 143Nd, 144Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd, 148Nd, and 150Nd are all stable with respect to beta decay, so the isotopes of promethium with those masses cannot be produced by beta decay and therefore are not fission products in significant quantities (they could only be produced directly, rather than along a beta-decay chain). 149Pm and 151Pm have half-lives of only 53.08 and 28.40 hours, so are not found in spent nuclear fuel that has been cooled for months or years. It is found naturally mostly from the spontaneous fission of uranium-238 and less often from the alpha decay of europium-151.[4]
Promethium-147 is used as a beta particle source and a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) fuel; its power density is about 2 watts per gram. Mixed with a phosphor, it was used to illuminate Apollo Lunar Module electrical switch tips and painted on control panels of the Lunar Roving Vehicle.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kiss, G. G.; Vitéz-Sveiczer, A.; Saito, Y.; et al. (2022). "Measuring the β-decay properties of neutron-rich exotic Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd isotopes to constrain the nucleosynthesis yields in the rare-earth region". The Astrophysical Journal. 936 (107): 107. Bibcode:2022ApJ...936..107K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac80fc. hdl:2117/375253.
- ^ Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Cappella, F.; et al. (2007). "Search for α decay of natural Europium". Nuclear Physics A. 789 (1–4): 15–29. Bibcode:2007NuPhA.789...15B. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001.1–4&rft.pages=15-29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2007NuPhA.789...15B&rft.aulast=Belli&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Bernabei, R.&rft.au=Cappella, F.&rft.au=Cerulli, R.&rft.au=Dai, C. J.&rft.au=Danevich, F. A.&rft.au=D'Angelo, A.&rft.au=Incicchitti, A.&rft.au=Kobychev, V. V.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes of promethium" class="Z3988">
- ^ "Apollo Experience Report - Protection Against Radiation" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon, Olivier&rft.au=Blachot, Jean&rft.au=Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes of promethium" class="Z3988">
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon, Olivier&rft.au=Blachot, Jean&rft.au=Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes of promethium" class="Z3988">
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.