Project Carryall was a 1963 United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) proposal to use nuclear explosives to excavate a path for Interstate 40 (I-40) and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) through the Bristol Mountains of southern California. The project was proposed as a component of Project Plowshare, which sought ways to use nuclear devices in public works and industrial development projects.
The nuclear excavation project advanced to planning in 1965, but the California Division of Highways withdrew from the project in 1966. The railroad proposal continued until 1970, after which it was quietly abandoned. The highway was constructed using conventional methods.
Proposal
editIn the early 1960s the AEC worked to publicize the Plowshare program for peaceful use of atomic devices. One of the first proposed projects was Project Chariot, which would have created a harbor in northwest Alaska with nuclear explosives. The idea caught the attention of the AT&SF, whose route through the Bristol Mountains of Southern California was longer and more undulating than desired. The AT&SF was studying a tunnel that would address the problems, but was unhappy with the project's cost. At the same time, the California Division of Highways was planning the route for I-40 through the same area, and was facing the same problems as the railroad. In 1963 the AT&SF approached the AEC for help, and a joint project was initiated with the AEC and Division of Highways. A feasibility study was submitted in November 1963.[1][2][3]
The study proposed an alignment serving both the railroad and the interstate highway in the same cut, using railroad grading standards as a guide. The new location was about 10 miles (16 km) north of the existing alignments of the railroad and US Route 66. The excavation was proposed to be 11,000 feet (3,400 m) long, and at its maximum would be 360 feet (110 m) deep. A series of 22 devices ranging from 20 to 200 kilotons in explosive yield would create the excavation, as well as a separate device to create a crater that would contain drainage from Orange Blossom Wash, which crossed the site.[1]: Ch.4 p.48 Detonations would take place in two groups of 11 simultaneously-fired devices.[4][5]
Predicted consequences of the detonations included a dust cloud 7 miles (11 km) wide, extending up to 100 miles (160 km) downwind that would require the immediate area to be closed for four days after the explosions. "Occasional rock missiles" were expected up to about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) from the explosions. The nearest town was Amboy, which was not expected to be affected by the blasts to any significant extent.[1] A greater concern was the effect on a nearby natural gas pipeline, for which testing would be required in advance of the excavation blasts.[4]
After the initial waiting period, the site was expected to be suitable for regular 40-hour workweeks with no special safeguards, with the stipulation that post-shot surveys would be needed to locate and remediate any radiological hot spots.[4]
Projected combined costs for the railroad tunnel and highway were $21.8 million (equivalent to $216.96 million in 2023). The nuclear method was projected at $13.8 million (equivalent to $137.34 million in 2023), not including the costs of the nuclear devices. Conventional excavation of the cut was estimated at $50 million (equivalent to $497.61 million in 2023). The cost of the nuclear devices was not quantified, but assumed to be less than the difference between conventional and nuclear techniques.[1] The actual cost of the devices was classified.[4] A 1967 proposal for Project Ketch, another Plowshare proposal, listed the costs of nuclear devices to be (in 1967) from $390,000 for a 24-kiloton device, to $460,000 for a 100-kiloton device.[6] The proposal would have used 23 nuclear devices in total.[2]
Schedule
editProject planning started in 1964, proposing site preparation in 1965 and detonations in 1966, followed by design work. Construction was to start in 1968 and be complete in 1969. In 1966 the nuclear proposal was abandoned for the highway project, since the highway program was moving faster than AEC testing at the Nevada Test Site. The highway cut was made conventionally about a mile north of the proposed nuclear cut. The railroad project continued. In 1970 the railroad cut was mentioned as one of three proposed projects. In subsequent years the project was no longer mentioned.[1]
The 67-mile (108 km) Bristol Mountains section of I-40, constructed using conventional methods, was completed and opened to traffic on April 13, 1973.[7]
Marker
editThe project is memorialized by a roadside marker in Ludlow, the nearest town to the west of the site.[8]
See also
edit- Larger proposal to excavate the Divide Cut of the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway using nuclear explosives
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Beck, Colleen M.; Edwards, Susan R.; King, Maureen L. (September 1, 2011). "Project Ketch". The Off-Site Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs: Assessing Potential Environmental Liabilities through an Examination of Proposed Nuclear Projects, High Explosive Experiments, and High Explosive Construction Activities (Report). Vol. 2. pp. 4-47–4-48. doi:10.2172/1046575.
- ^ a b Zhang, Sarah (September 23, 2014). "The U.S. once considered using 23 nuclear bombs to blast out a highway". Gizmodo. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ Prentice, H.C. (1964). "Application of nuclear explosives for mountain pass highway and railroad". Engineering with Nuclear Explosives: Proceedings of the Third Plowshare Symposium, April 21, 22, 23, 1964. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Institute for Applied Technology.
- ^ a b c d Fry, J.G.; Stane, R.A.; Crutchfield, W.H. Jr. (January 1963). "Preliminary Design Studies in a Nuclear Excavation - Project Carryall" (PDF). Highway Research Record (50). Highway Research Board, National Academy of Sciences: 32–39. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ Yoman, John (May 1970). "Summary of Nuclear-Excavation Applications". Symposium on Engineering with Nuclear Explosives (PDF) (Report). pp. 264–265.
- ^ Project Ketch. Columbia Gas System, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, and United States Bureau of Mines. July 1967. p. 35.
- ^ "Barstow-Needles highway realigned for 67 miles". Redlands Daily Facts. April 14, 1973. p. 9. Retrieved August 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Project Carryall". HMdb.org. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
Further reading
edit- Beck, Colleen M.; Edwards, Susan R.; King, Maureen L. (September 1, 2011). The Off-Site Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs: Assessing Potential Environmental Liabilities through an Examination of Proposed Nuclear Projects,High Explosive Experiments, and High Explosive Construction Activities (PDF) (Report). Vol. 1. doi:10.2172/1046574.
- Beck, Colleen M.; Edwards, Susan R.; King, Maureen L. (September 1, 2011). The Off-Site Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs: Assessing Potential Environmental Liabilities through an Examination of Proposed Nuclear Projects,High Explosive Experiments, and High Explosive Construction Activities (Report). Vol. 2. doi:10.2172/1046575.
- Beck, Colleen M.; Edwards, Susan R.; King, Maureen L. (September 1, 2011). The Off-Site Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs: Assessing Potential Environmental Liabilities through an Examination of Proposed Nuclear Projects, High Explosive Experiments, and High Explosive Construction Activities (Report). Vol. 3. doi:10.2172/1046576.