Process analytical chemistry (PAC) is the application of analytical chemistry with specialized techniques, algorithms, and sampling equipment for solving problems related to chemical processes. It is a specialized form of analytical chemistry used for process manufacturing similar to process analytical technology (PAT) used in the pharmaceutical industry.
The chemical processes are for production and quality control of manufactured products, and process analytical technology is used to determine the physical and chemical composition of the desired products during a manufacturing process. It is first mentioned in the chemical literature in 1946(1,2).[1]
Process sampling
editProcess analysis initially involved sampling the variety of process streams or webs and transporting samples to quality control or central analytical service laboratories. Time delays for analytical results due to sample transport and analytical preparation steps negated the value of many chemical analyses for purposes other than product release. Over time it was understood that real-time measurements provided timely information about a process, which was far more useful for high efficiency and quality. The development of real-time process analysis has provided information for process optimization during any manufacturing process. The journal Analytical Chemistry (journal) publishes a biennial review of the most recent developments in the field.[2]
The first real-time measurements in a production environment were made with modified laboratory instrumentation; in recent times specialized process and handheld instrumentation has been developed for immediate analysis.
Applications
editProcess analytical chemistry involves the following sub-disciplines of analytical chemistry: microanalytical systems, nanotechnology, chemical detection, electrochemistry or electrophoresis, chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, process chemometrics, process control, flow injection analysis, ultrasound, and handheld sensors.
References
edit- ^ Workman, Jerome; Veltkamp, David J.; Doherty, Steve; Anderson, Brian B.; Creasy, Ken E.; Koch, Mel; Tatera, James F.; Robinson, Alex L.; Bond, Leonard; Burgess, Lloyd W.; Bokerman, Gary N.; Ullman, Alan H.; Darsey, Gary P.; Mozayeni, Foad; Bamberger, Judith Ann; Greenwood, Margaret Stautberg (1999). "Process Analytical Chemistry". Anal. Chem. 71 (12): 121–180. doi:10.1021/a1995007s.
- ^ Beebe, Kenneth R.; Blaser, Wayne W.; Bredeweg, Robert A.; Chauvel, Jean Paul.; Harner, Richard S.; LaPack, Mark.; Leugers, Anne.; Martin, Daniel P.; Wright, Larry G.; Yalvac, E. Deniz. (1993). "Process analytical chemistry". Analytical Chemistry. 65 (12): 199–216. doi:10.1021/ac00060a012. ISSN 0003-2700.
Further reading
edit- McMahon, T.; Wright, E. L. in Analytical Instrumentation: A Practical Guide for Measurement and Control; Sherman, R.E., Rhodes, L. J., Eds.; Instrument Society of America: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1996.
- Gregory, C. H. (Team Leader); Appleton, H. B.; Lowes, A. P.; Whalen, F. C. Instrumentation & Control in the German Chemical Industry. British Intelligence Operations Subcommittee Report 1007, 12 June 1946 (per discussion with Terry McMahon).
- Workman Jr, Jerome J.; Koch, Mel; Lavine, Barry; Chrisman, Ray (2009). "Process Analytical Chemistry". Anal. Chem. 81 (12): 4623–4643. doi:10.1021/ac900778y. PMID 19425531.
- Workman Jr, Jerome; Koch, Mel; Veltkamp, Dave (2007). "Process Analytical Chemistry". Anal. Chem. 79 (12): 4345–4364. doi:10.1021/ac070765q. PMID 17474712.
- Workman Jr, Jerome; Koch, Mel; Veltkamp, Dave (2005). "Process Analytical Chemistry". Anal. Chem. 77 (12): 3789–3806. doi:10.1021/ac050620o. PMID 15952757.
- Workman Jr, Jerome; Koch, Mel; Veltkamp, David J. (2003). "Process Analytical Chemistry". Anal. Chem. 75 (12): 2859–2876. doi:10.1021/ac0301393. S2CID 10012860.
- Workman Jr, Jerome; Creasy, Ken E.; Doherty, Steve; Bond, Leonard; Koch, Mel; Ullman, Alan; Veltkamp, David J. (2001). "Process Analytical Chemistry". Anal. Chem. 73 (12): 2705–2718. doi:10.1021/ac010364p. PMID 11432699.
- Workman Jr, Jerome; Veltkamp, David J.; Doherty, Steve; Anderson, Brian B.; Creasy, Ken E.; Koch, Mel; Tatera, James F.; Robinson, Alex L.; Bond, Leonard; Burgess, Lloyd W.; Bokerman, Gary N.; Ullman, Alan H.; Darsey, Gary P.; Mozayeni, Foad; Bamberger, Judith Ann; Stautberg Greenwood, Margaret (1999). "Process Analytical Chemistry". Anal. Chem. 71 (12): 121–180. doi:10.1021/a1995007s.
- Blaser, Wayne W.; Bredeweg, Robert A.; Harner, Richard S.; LaPack, Mark A.; Anne, Leugers; Martin, Daniel P.; Pell, Randy J.; Workman, Jerome; Wright, Larry G. (1995). "Process Analytical Chemistry". Anal. Chem. 67 (12): 47–70. doi:10.1021/ac00108a004.