Pressure urticaria or delayed pressure urticaria is a physical urticaria caused by pressure applied to the skin, and is characterized by the development of swelling and pain that usually occurs 3 to 12 hours after local pressure has been applied.[1]: 155 [2]
| Pressure urticaria | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Delayed pressure urticaria |
 | |
| Testing for pressure-induced urticaria. | |
| Specialty | Dermatology  |
Signs and symptoms
editFollowing the administration of a prolonged pressure stimulus to the skin, there is a noticeable subcutaneous swelling that is accompanied by delayed cutaneous erythema and edema. These symptoms usually appear 4–6 hours later, however they can appear as early as 30 minutes. Lesions could last for forty-eight hours.[3] The degree of pressure, the length of the stimulus, the bodily site impacted, and the disease's fluctuating activity all influence the reaction.[4]
Causes
editSeveral theories have been put forth, however the pathophysiology of pressure urticaria is unknown.[3] Although there isn't an obvious early cutaneous reaction, the time of the reaction following the application of pressure to the skin, the shape of the lesions, and the infiltrating cells observed on histopathologic examination are indicative of a late-phase reaction.[5] Because of its timing and histology, pressure urticaria has been hypothesized to reflect a type III or other reaction to an unidentified allergy;[6] nevertheless, complement levels are normal, direct immunofluorescence is negative, and there is no evidence of primary vascular injury.[3]
Diagnosis
editThe history of the patient and the outcomes of skin provocation testing are used to diagnose pressure urticaria. In clinical practice, a variety of provocation test types are employed. Applying 15 pounds of weight on the shoulder, forearm, or thigh for 15 minutes is known as the "sandbag test."[7] A dermographic tester (HTZ Ltd, London, UK) is a calibrated equipment with a 0.9 mm diameter spring-loaded tip that may also be used to test for pressure urticaria.[3][8] A different technique for assessing pressure urticaria is to apply a 2.5–4.5 kg weighted rod with a convex end to the back, leg, or forearm and leave it there for 15 minutes.[9]
Treatment
editBased on current standards, antihistamines are the recommended first-line treatment for pressure urticaria, since they are the mainstay therapy for all kinds of chronic urticaria.[10] In people with pressure urticaria, antihistamines at conventional dosages are frequently ineffective.[11] Therefore, additional medications are commonly utilized in the treatment of pressure urticaria, including corticosteroids,[12] dapsone,[13] sulfasalazine,[14] colchicine,[15] intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG),[16] and omalizumab.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 266–7. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ a b c d Lawlor, Frances; Black, Anne Kobza (2004). "Delayed pressure urticaria". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 24 (2). Elsevier BV: 247–258. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2004.01.006. ISSN 0889-8561. PMID 15120150.
- ^ Estes, Stephen A.; Yung, Cheuk W. (1981). "Delayed pressure urticaria: An investigation of some parameters of lesion induction". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 5 (1). Elsevier BV: 25–31. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(81)70073-2. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 7276271.
- ^ Mekori, Yoseph A. (1988-02-01). "Delayed Pressure Urticaria Histologically Resembles Cutaneous Late-Phase Reactions". Archives of Dermatology. 124 (2): 230–235. doi:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670020048016. ISSN 0003-987X. PMID 3341804.
- ^ RYAN, T. J.; SHIM-YOUNG, N.; TURK, J. L. (1968). "Delayed Pressuke Urticaria". British Journal of Dermatology. 80 (8). Oxford University Press (OUP): 485–490. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb12334.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 4175453.
- ^ Kulthanan, Kanokvalai; Ungprasert, Patompong; Tuchinda, Papapit; Chularojanamontri, Leena; Charoenpipatsin, Norramon; Maurer, Marcus (2020). "Delayed Pressure Urticaria: A Systematic Review of Treatment Options". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 8 (6). Elsevier BV: 2035–2049.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.004. ISSN 2213-2198. PMID 32179196.
- ^ Dice, John P (2004). "Physical urticaria". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 24 (2). Elsevier BV: 225–246. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2004.01.005. ISSN 0889-8561. PMID 15120149.
- ^ Maurer, Marcus; Fluhr, Joachim W.; Khan, David A. (2018). "How to Approach Chronic Inducible Urticaria". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 6 (4). Elsevier BV: 1119–1130. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.03.007. ISSN 2213-2198. PMID 30033913.
- ^ Magerl, M.; Altrichter, S.; Borzova, E.; Giménez-Arnau, A.; Grattan, C. E. H.; Lawlor, F.; Mathelier-Fusade, P.; Meshkova, R. Y.; Zuberbier, T.; Metz, M.; Maurer, M. (2016). "The definition, diagnostic testing, and management of chronic inducible urticarias — The EAACI/GA 2 LEN/EDF/UNEV consensus recommendations 2016 update and revision". Allergy. 71 (6): 780–802. doi:10.1111/all.12884. PMID 26991006.
- ^ Kontou-Fili, K; Maniatakou, G; Demaka, P; Gonianakis, M; Paleologos, G (December 1990). "Therapeutic effects of cetirizine in delayed pressure urticaria. Part 1. Effects on weight tests and skin-window cytology". Annals of Allergy. 65 (6): 517–519. PMID 1979476.
- ^ Dover, Jeffrey S.; Black, Anne Kobza; Ward, A. Milford; Greaves, Malcolm W. (1988). "Delayed pressure urticaria". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 18 (6). Elsevier BV: 1289–1298. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70137-1. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 3385044.
- ^ Grundmann, Sonja Alexandra; Kiefer, Sabine; Luger, Thomas Anton; Brehler, Randolf (2011-07-20). "Delayed pressure urticaria – Dapsone heading for first-line therapy?". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 9 (11). Wiley: 908–912. doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07749.x. ISSN 1610-0379. PMID 21771275.
- ^ Engler, R J; Squire, E; Benson, P (February 1995). "Chronic sulfasalazine therapy in the treatment of delayed pressure urticaria and angioedema". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 74 (2): 155–159. PMID 7697475.
- ^ Lawlor, Frances; Black, Anne Kobza; Ward, A. Milford; Morris, R.; Greaves, M.W. (1989). "Delayed pressure urticaria, objective evaluation of a variable disease using a dermographometer and assessment of treatment using colchicine". British Journal of Dermatology. 120 (3): 403–408. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb04167.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 2653402.
- ^ Dawn, G.; Urcelay, M.; Ah-Weng, A.; O'Neill, S.M.; Douglas, W.S. (2003). "Effect of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in delayed pressure urticaria". British Journal of Dermatology. 149 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 836–840. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05486.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 14616377.
- ^ Metz, Martin; Ohanyan, Tatevik; Church, Martin K.; Maurer, Marcus (2014). "Omalizumab is an effective and rapidly acting therapy in difficult-to-treat chronic urticaria: A retrospective clinical analysis". Journal of Dermatological Science. 73 (1). Elsevier BV: 57–62. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.08.011. ISSN 0923-1811. PMID 24060603.
Further reading
edit- Barlow, Richard J.; Warburton, Fiona; Watson, Karen; Black, Anne Kobza; Greaves, Malcolm W. (1993). "Diagnosis and incidence of delayed pressure urticaria in patients with chronic urticaria". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 29 (6). Elsevier BV: 954–958. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70273-v. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 8245260.
- CZARNETZKI, B. M.; CAP, H.-P.; FORCK, G. (1987). "Late cutaneous reactions to common allergens in patients with delayed pressure urticaria". British Journal of Dermatology. 117 (6). Oxford University Press (OUP): 695–701. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb07348.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 3426950.