Pointe-Noire (French pronunciation: [pwɛ̃t.nwaʁ]; Kongo: Njinji, French: Ndjindji with the letter d following French spelling standards[3][4][5]) is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, following the capital of Brazzaville, and an autonomous department and a commune since the 2002 Constitution.[6] Before this date it was the capital of the Kouilou region (now a separate department). It is situated on a headland between Pointe-Noire Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Pointe-Noire is the main commercial centre of the country and has a population of 1,420,612 inhabitants in 2023.[7]
Pointe-Noire
Njinji | |
|---|---|
 Pointe-Noire | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Motto: | |
  Pointe-Noire Location in the Republic of the Congo | |
| Coordinates: 04°47′51″S 11°51′1″E / 4.79750°S 11.85028°E | |
| Country |  Republic of the Congo |
| Department | Pointe-Noire Department |
| Commune | Pointe-Noire |
| Founded | 1883 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Jean-François Kando (PCT) |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,134 km2 (824 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 14 m (46 ft) |
| Population (2023 census) | |
• Total | 1,420,612 [1] |
| • Official language | French |
| • National language | Kituba language |
| Area code | 242 |
| HDI (2021) | 0.614[2] · medium · 2nd of 12 |
The coat of arms
editThe coat of arms of the city of Pointe-Noire is:
"Gold at the point of sand accompanied by two silver oars, the handle gules, laid in chevron poured, the tip and oars moving from a sea of azure wavy three streams of silver"[8]
Administration
editPointe-Noire is a commune divided into six urban boroughs (arrondissements):[9]
- Lumumba, the oldest area. It is the administrative and commercial centre.
- Mvoumvou
- Tié-Tié
- Loandjili
- Mongo-Mpoukou
- Ngoyo
Pointe-Noire is also a department which include the area of the commune and, since 2011, the district of Tchiamba-Nzassi, formerly part of the Kouilou department.[10]
History
editThe name Pointe-Noire ("Black Point") originated with Portuguese navigators who saw a block of black rocks on the headland in 1484. From then on, Pointe-Noire, called in Portuguese Ponta Negra, became a maritime point of reference, and then a small fishing village starting in 1883, after the French signed a treaty with local people, the Loangos.
In 1910, French Equatorial Africa (Afrique équatoriale française, AEF) was created, and French companies were allowed to exploit the Middle Congo (modern-day Congo Brazzaville). It soon became necessary to build a railroad that would connect Brazzaville, the terminus of the river navigation on the Congo River and the Ubangui River, with the Atlantic coast. As rapids make it impossible to navigate on the Congo River past Brazzaville, and the coastal railroad terminus site had to allow for the construction of a deep-sea port, authorities chose the site of Ponta Negra instead of Libreville as originally envisaged. In 1923, it was chosen to be the terminus of the Congo-Ocean Railway (CFCO).[11]
_prepares_to_moor_for_a_port_visit_at_Pointe_Noire,_Republic_of_Congo_as_part_of_Africa_Partnership_Station_(APS)_West._While_in_port,_Samuel.jpg)
In 1927, drinking water became available in the city, which had about 3,000 inhabitants. The airport was built in 1932. In 1934, Governor Raphael Antonetti inaugurated the Congo-Ocean Railway. The first hospital was built in 1936. That same year, Paris-based Banque de l'Afrique Occidentale opened its first branch in the city. In 1942, the Pointe-Noire Harbour welcomed its first ship, and made the city the AEF's seaport.
In 1950, Pointe-Noire had 20,000 inhabitants, and became the capital of the Middle Congo, while Brazzaville was the capital city of the AEF. In 1957, the Middle-Congo became the Republic of Congo, although it was still not independent. Incidents which occurred during 1958 legislative elections led the leaders of the Democratic Union for the Defence of African Interests (Union démocratique pour la défense des interets africains, UDDIA) to transfer the capital to Brazzaville, since Pointe-Noire was under the influence of the political opposition.
Pointe-Noire continued growing, and was the most modern city in 1960, when Congo gained independence. Then, the oil discovery around 1980 re-attracted people and Elf-Aquitaine facilities. The population doubled by 1982, and reached 360,000 in 1994.
Civil wars in 1997 and 1999 caused an influx of refugees from the surrounding provinces (Lékoumou, Niari, Bouenza, Pool) towards Pointe-Noire, causing the population to climb to over 1 million inhabitants.
Recently the Government has proposed the development of a new bulk resource port to be constructed at Point Indienne, 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the north of the Port of Pointe-Noire. A meeting was held on 18 December 2012 with a collective of 10 Congo government ministries and invited mining companies to discuss future development opportunities.
Economy
edit
Pointe-Noire is the essential centre of the oil industry of the Republic of Congo, one of the main oil producers in Central Africa. Congolese oil has been largely exploited by the French company Elf Aquitaine since its discovery around 1980.
Pointe-Noire is also known for its fishing industry, which is often at odds with the oil development.[12] Local waters are reportedly getting overfished.[13]
Formerly, Pointe-Noire was home to a potash exploitation which led to the construction of a wharf, currently closed to the public.
Education
editLycée Français Charlemagne, a French international school for primary and secondary school children, is in Pointe-Noire. It also hosts a British international school for children aged 0 to 18 years, called Connie's Academy.[14]
The city is home to the École Supérieure de Technologie du Littoral (technology) the École supérieure de commerce et de gestion (Business), Institut UCAC-ICAM (Engineering) and the Centre d’éducation, de formation et d’apprentissage en mécanique auto (Automotive Engineering).[15] The Higher Institute of Technology of Central Africa has a campus in the city. There are also several other institutions of higher education in the city.[16]
University establishments
editAs a result of the decentralisation policy put in place by the Congolese government, Pointe-Noire has seen the emergence of some young universities. The city has several private institutes and universities:
- The University of Loango,[17] which offers programmes in law, management and commerce
- The Ecole Africaine de Développement[18] in Pointe-Noire offers programmes in science and technology
- Ecole Superieure of Commerce and Industry of Congo[19] of Congo offers Bachelor's degree courses in partnership with Ecole SupdeV Paris
Transport
edit
Pointe-Noire is home to Agostinho-Neto International Airport which as of August 2023 had direct flights to Abidjan, Addis Ababa, Brazzaville, Cotonou, Douala, Istanbul, Libreville, Luanda and Paris[20] and was the second busiest airport in the country.
Pointe-Noire is also the terminus of the Congo-Ocean Railway, the railway station being a notable building. As of 2014[update] the railway was operating the La Gazelle train service every other day to Brazzaville and intermediate destinations.[21]
Thanks to its rapid growth, the city now includes Tié-Tié Railway Station and Ngondji Railway Station, the next railway stations after the Pointe Noire terminus.[citation needed]
On 22 June 2010 a train departing from Pointe-Noire derailed resulting in the deaths of many passengers.[22] The railway was built by the French between 1921 and 1934 during the French colonial rule in Congo.
Pointe-Noire has a taxi-bus network that runs throughout the entire city.
Places of worship
editAmong the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Diocese of Pointe-Noire (Catholic Church), Evangelical Church of Congo (World Communion of Reformed Churches) and Assemblies of God.[23]
Climate
editPointe-Noire has a tropical savanna climate under the Köppen climate classification. The city has a wet season that spans from October through April, while the remaining 5 months form the dry season. Pointe-Noire receives roughly 1,000 millimetres (39 in) of precipitation annually. Temperatures are somewhat cooler during the dry season with average temperatures roughly at 24 degrees Celsius. During the wet season, average temperatures hover around 28 degrees Celsius.
| Climate data for Pointe-Noire (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.3 (86.5) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
29.7 (85.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
27.1 (80.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
— | 23.9 (75.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 180.3 (7.10) |
225.4 (8.87) |
193.4 (7.61) |
134.1 (5.28) |
55.5 (2.19) |
2.2 (0.09) |
1.0 (0.04) |
4.2 (0.17) |
16.7 (0.66) |
104.5 (4.11) |
201.6 (7.94) |
185.5 (7.30) |
1,304.4 (51.36) |
| Source: NOAA[24] | |||||||||||||
Sport
edit
Football teams include Association Sportive des Cheminots and Jeunesse Sportive les Bougainvillées.
Twin towns – sister cities
editPointe-Noire is twinned with:
Notable people
edit- Delvin N'Dinga, footballer
- Junior Etou (born 1994), Congolese basketball player for Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
- Ghislaine Sathoud, feminist writer
- Alain Mabanckou (born 1966), writer
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ BOKOLO, Guilesse (8 January 2024). "RESULTATS PRELIMINAIRES". INS-CONGO BRAZZAVILLE (in French). Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ "Subnational HDI (v7.0)". Global_Data_Lab. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ Jean Dello (1988). "Toponymie sur la ville de Pointe Noire" (PDF). Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique Pour Le Développement en Coopération (in French). p. 11. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ Cécile Manciaux (2012). "Pointe-Noire : il était une fois Ndji-Ndji". JeuneAfrique (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ Marcel Poaty et Paulin Roch Beapami et l’Alliance biblique du Congo (ABC), Kutaangë i Kusonikë Civili : Lire et écrire le Civili, SIL-Congo (Société internationale de linguistique, antenne Congo), 2018, p. 37
- ^ "Constitution du 20 janvier 2002" (PDF). sgg.cg (in French). Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement, Journal Officiel. 1 February 2002. p. 20. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ^ "Congo (Rep.): Departments, Major Cities & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ^ Sanz, Lionel (5 December 2017). "Début des années 50 – Un petit historique de Pointe-Noire". DMCARC (in French). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ "Annuaire Statistique du Congo 2018, chapitre 3 : organisation administrative" (PDF). ins-congo.cg (in French). Institut National de la Statistique. 23 March 2021. p. 13. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Laws n° 17 to 19-2011 "JO n° 21-2011" (PDF). sgg.cg (in French). Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement - Journal Officiel. 26 May 2011. pp. 581, 589–590. Retrieved 2 September 2023.589-590&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=https://www.sgg.cg/JO/2011/congo-jo-2011-21.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pointe-Noire" class="Z3988">
- ^ John Frank Clark, Samuel Decalo, Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2012, p. 365
- ^ Tati, Gabriel (2004). "Sharing Public Space in Pointe-Noire, Congo-Brazzaville: Immigrant Fishermen and a Multinational Oil Company". In Hansen, Karen Tranberg (ed.). Reconsidering informality: perspectives from urban Africa. Nordic Africa Institute, 2004. p. 235. ISBN 91-7106-518-0.
- ^ "In Pictures: The rise of shark fishing off the Congolese coast". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Connie's Academy". Connie's Academy. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ News of Bolloré Africa Logistics, Partnering schools in Congo Brazzaville: Congo Terminal commits to sandwich course education schemes., Congo Brazzaville. 7 August 2014, http://www.bollore-africa-logistics.com/en/media/news/partenariats-entreprise-ecoles-congo-brazzaville.html
- ^ Tikdem Technologies. "Higher education, universities, institutes, campuses in Pointe-Noire, Pointe-Noire". PagesClaires.com. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ "Universite-Loango". universite-loango.com. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ Congo, Le Pratique du. "EAD (École Africaine de Developpement) | Le Pratique du Congo" (in French). Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ "ESCIC".
- ^ "Pointe Noire routes and destinations". Flightradar24. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ "Republic of Congo travel". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Scores dead in Congo train crash". Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 773
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ "大连市友好城市及友好合作关系城市一览". dl.gov.cn (in Chinese). Dalian. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ "New Orleans becomes sister city with namesake". kplctv.com. KPLC News. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ "苏州友好城市一览表". suzhouhui.com (in Chinese). Suzhou Hui. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
External links
edit
- Decalo S., Thompson V. & Adloff R. 1984. Historical dictionary of Congo pp. 244–245. USA: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.