The Genoa–Pisa railway is one of the trunk lines of the Italian railway network. It runs along the Ligurian coast from Genoa to Pisa through the Riviera di Levante and the Versilia. It passes through the cities of Massa, Carrara and La Spezia. South of Pisa the Pisa–Rome line continues along the Tyrrhenian coast to Rome. The line is double track and is fully electrified at 3,000 V DC. Passenger traffic is managed by Trenitalia.

Genoa–Pisa railway
Overview
OwnerRFI
Service
Operator(s)Trenitalia
History
Opened1861–1874
Technical
Line length165 km (103 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8 12 in) standard gauge
Electrification3000 V DC
Route map

km
0.000
Genova Piazza Principe
2.542
Genova Brignole
Terralba
deviation opened in 1915
5.551
Genova Sturla
(moved 1915)
Via Tabarca
(closed 1915)
(4.378)
Lojolo
(closed 1915)
7.111
Genova Quarto dei Mille
Pietrarugia
Giuncate
deviation opened in 1922
Via Argiroffo
9.140
Quinto / Genova Quinto al Mare
9.981
Via Cattaneo
(closed in 1948)[1]
10.791
Genova Nervi
Genova Sant'Ilario
12.922
Bogliasco
13.818
Pontetto
Pieve di Sori
15.086
Pieve Ligure
(opened 1922)
Sori tunnel
Sori viaduct
Sori (1868)
San Rocco tunnel
16.463
Sori
Quattrocchi de Franchi tunnel
18.601
Mulinetti
Recco viaduct
20.022
Recco
Priaro
(closed 1981)[2]
21.744
Camogli-San Fruttuoso
San Lorenzo
26.818
Santa Margherita Ligure-Portofino
San Michele di Pagana
29.193
Rapallo
32.804
Zoagli
Grazie tunnel
37.654
Chiavari
39.856
Lavagna
42.340
Cavi
deviation opened in 1925
45.118
Sestri Levante
48.043
Riva Trigoso
deviation opened in 1932
Fincantieri link / Monte Moneglia
53.280
Moneglia
57.091
Deiva Marina
former link from Framura
to Fornaci quarry
60.558
Framura
deviation opened in 1970
63.476
Bonassola
66.402
Levanto
70.711
70.381
Monterosso
73.607
Vernazza
76.837
Corniglia
78.804
78.712
Manarola
79.474
Riomaggiore
old & new Biassa tunnels
86.162
172.462
La Spezia Centrale
171.549
La Spezia Scalo
169.669
La Spezia Migliarina
La Spezia Marittima
167.500
Cà di Boschetti
164.896
Vezzano Ligure
162.877
Arcola junction
161.646
Arcola
(1864–2004)
160.641
Romito
deviation opened in 1944
Autostrada A12 Italia.svgTabliczka E80.svg A 12 / E80
disused connection
from Parma line
157.495
Sarzana
San Lazzaro
151.863
Luni
from Marina di Carrara
146.997
Carrara-Avenza
(1862–2012)
146.773
Left arrowlink to Frugoli sawmill
Right arrowMarmifera line to Fiorino
146.770
Carrione torrent
Montecatini factory
link to Carrara industrial lines
central line (1938–1992)
Carrara industrial lines
northern line (1938–?)
link to Carrara industrial lines
central line (opened in 1938)
143.439
Massa Zona Industriale
(opened in 1938)
Massa tramway (closed in 1933)
140.271
Massa Centro
137.200
Montignoso
133.099
Versilia tramway (closed in 1936)
129.646
Pietrasanta
Viareggio coastal tramway
(closed in 1944)
124.364
Camaiore Lido-Capezzano
(opened in 1949)[3]
Autostrada A12 Italia.svgTabliczka E80.svg A 12 / E80
Burlamacca canal
120.090
Left arrowViareggio (opened in 1936)
Left arrowLeft arrowViareggio coastal tramway
118.760
Viareggio Scalo
(closed in 1994)
Left arrowLeft arrowFervet Left arrowSabbia yard
link from MM artillery testing range
to Torre del Lago peat bogs
114.014
Torre del Lago Puccini
Migliarino Pisano
(closed in 2003)[4]
Autostrada A12 Italia.svgTabliczka E80.svg A 12 / E80
100.930
Pisa F.M. Campaldo
(crossing loops)
100.133
Pisa San Rossore
99.672
La Spezia/Lucca turnout
98.607
Navicelli turnout
to Livorno (via Tagliaferro)
97.869
Pisa Centrale
to Florence
San Giusto Aurelia (Pisa Mover)
Pisa Aeroporto
"collodoca"
km
Source: Italian railway atlas[5]

History

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The line was created by the connection of two separate projects. The first, between Pisa and Massa, was an extension of the existing line from Pisa; the second was what was called the Ligurian railway.

Tuscan railway

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Section Opened[6]
Pisa (Porta Nuova station)–Viareggio 15 April 1861
Pisa (Porta Nuova station)–Pisa (Leopolda station) 10 December 1861
Viareggio–Pietrasanta 12 December 1861
Pietrasanta–Seravezza 1 February 1862
Serravezza–Massa 1 November 1862
Massa–Sarzana 15 May 1863
Sarzana–La Spezia 4 August 1864
Genoa (Brignole station)–Chiavari 23 November 1868
Chiavari–Sestri Levante 25 April 1870
Genoa (Principe station)–Genoa (Brignole station) 25 July 1872
Sestri Levante–La Spezia 24 October 1874

On 15 April 1861, the Livornese Railway Company (Italian: Società delle Ferrovie Livornesi) opened the first 19 kilometre section between Pisa Porta Nuova station (now called Pisa San Rossore) and Viareggio (later called Viareggio Scalo). In the following December this was followed by a connection in the south with Pisa Centrale station and in the north a ten kilometre section from Viareggio to Pietrasanta. In 1862 two further sections were opened: on 1 February 3.5 kilometres between Pietrasanta and Seravezza and on 1 November seven kilometres between Seravezza and Massa.

In 1865, the Livornese Railway Company was absorbed by other companies and the Florence–Pistoia–Pisa and the Pisa–Massa–La Spezia lines were transferred to the Società per le Strade Ferrate Romane (Roman Railways).[7] In 1869 the Roman Railways transferred them to the Società per le strade ferrate dell'Alta Italia (Upper Italian Railways).[8]

Ligurian railway

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The project for a Ligurian railway that would connect Ventimiglia with Massa (thus connecting the existing railways of central Italy) was agreed by a royal decree on 27 October 1860 but its realisation, because of the rugged Ligurian coast, proved the most difficult and costly project of the period. This line was built initially by the state railway of the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont), but the line was assigned to the Upper Italian Railways on its establishment in 1865.[8]

The first section of the project, 17 kilometre between Massa and Sarzana was opened on 15 May 1863 and was followed by the more difficult Sarzana–Vezzano LigureLa Spezia section on 4 August 1864. On 23 November 1868, the first part of the northern end of the line was opened as the 36 kilometre section between Genova Brignole and Chiavari. This was followed by the extension to Sestri Levante on 25 April 1870.

On 25 July 1872 with the opening of the connecting tunnel between Genova Brignole and Genova Piazza Principe, the section of line to Sestri Levante was no longer isolated and was connected over the Apennines but especially to the line to Ventimiglia, which had been completed on 25 January 1872.

Sestri Levante–La Spezia

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This was the most difficult section of the entire project. The railway had to run for long distances next to the sea and follow the twists of the coast to minimise the number and length of tunnels. In addition the bad weather of the winter of 1872 caused landslides, which forced changes to be made to the route during construction. Furthermore, since materials had to be transported by sea because long stretches of coastline were inaccessible by land, work was delayed by violent storms.

Finally on 24 July 1874 the line was opened to traffic.[8] This stretch of line was truly revolutionary because it ended the isolation of small towns of the eastern Italian Riviera (the Riviera di Levante), including the famous Cinque Terre villages, which finally had a permanent link with the rest of the world. This stretch included 51 tunnels totalling over 28 kilometres in a total length of 44 kilometres and 23 bridges with a total length of nearly a kilometre. Because of the difficult topography of the area and the harsh conditions encountered during construction, the line had been built as a single track. Duplication was completed in 1971 with the opening of the last section between Framura and Monterosso, which included the new Levanto station.

The Mediterranean Network took over the line in 1885.[9] In 1905 Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) was established and took over the line along with most other standard gauge railways in Italy.

Electrification

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The Genoa-La Spezia line was electrified in two phases:

  • Genoa–Sestri Levante was electrified with the three-phase system (3,700 V at 16.7 Hz) in May 1925 and converted to the 3,000 V DC system in February 1948.[10]
  • Sestri Levante–La Spezia was electrified with three-phase system in April 1926[11] and then converted to 3,000 V DC in April 1947.[10]

FS had started the conversion of its lines to DC in 1928. The electrification of the line was badly damaged during World War II and as a result it was rebuilt as a DC line.[10]

Features

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Operations are managed and controlled by the Sistema di Comando e Controllo ("command and control system"—SCC, an Italian version of centralized traffic control) of the Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, the subsidiary of the Ferrovie dello Stato group that is responsible for the management of the infrastructure, which supervises the rail traffic from the operations centre in Pisa for the section that runs from Civitavecchia to Sestri Levante (about 420 km) and from the operations centre of Genova Teglia for the section from Sestri Levante to the node of Genoa.

Route

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Leaving Genova Brignole station, the railway runs through the eastern part of the city of Genoa, which it leaves at the former Sant'Ilario station. The landscape, characterised by the passage between villas, coast and cliffs, remains almost unchanged along the whole of the Golfo Paradiso as far as Camogli-San Fruttuoso.

 
Region train running to Deiva Marina

After crossing the promontory of Portofino, the line follows the Gulf of Tigullio, serving the tourist resorts from Santa Margherita Ligure to Riva Trigoso. This is the beginning of the Ligurian section, which is authorised for operations at higher speeds since the doubling of the line in recent times.

The line then crosses the localities from Moneglia to Monterosso, which is at the beginning of the Cinque Terre section, noted for its long tunnels and sudden glimpses of the Ligurian Sea, picturesque villages and sheer cliffs.

The landscape changes radically after La Spezia Centrale railway station and the line goes inland, reaching, after passing through junctions with a line to the port and the line to Parma, the plain of Luni, the last extension of Liguria.

In Tuscany, the line runs through the provinces of Massa and Carrara and Lucca, remaining almost at the centre of the plain formed over the centuries between the chain of the Apuan Alps and the coast. In this section there were once many crossings and junctions with the extensive network of interurban tramways that included the Carrara-Marina di Carrara tramway, the Massa tramway, the so-called Tranvia litoranea di Viareggio (Viareggio coastal tramway) and the Viareggio-Camaiore tramway.

After reaching Viareggio, the line passes through the junction with the line to Lucca and Florence, and reaches the Serchio river. It now enters the Pisan plain and arrives at Pisa San Rossore. This has an atypical layout for a passenger station as it is arranged in the triangle formed by the branch line of the railway to Lucca. During the construction of a building that was to have housed a new electronic control centre, which was subsequently moved to another location, the remains of an ancient Roman port were found. The famous Piazza dei Miracoli, with its leaning tower is not far away. A shed that housed the royal train when the Italian king resided at the San Rossore estate still exists to the north of the station. It is now used for the storage of material for the railway equipment factory of the CEMES company.

The railway viaduct over the Arno comes shortly before the end of the line at Pisa Centrale station.

Abandoned single-track lines

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Genova Quinto: the remains of the railway tunnel in Via Gianelli

There remain several vestiges of disused sections of line as a result of the doubling carried out in Genoa in the 1910s and on the Sestri Levante–La Spezia section starting in the 1930s.

In Genoa, remains of a portion of the bridge over the Vernazza river at Sturla and a tunnel mouth next to the Via Gianelli at Quinto al Mare are still visible.

The section between Deiva Marina and Riva Trigoso was converted into a one-lane road, which is now operated in alternate directions, controlled by traffic lights; two sections of the Maremonti cycle path were built on the old railway tracks between Levanto and Bonassola and between Bonassola and Framura station.

Traffic

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Since its opening, the Genoa–Pisa railway carried substantial traffic as it is a main line connecting Liguria and Piedmont, with Tuscany, Lombardy and southern Italy.

Long-distance services

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Cisalpino EC train passing through Genova Quinto in 2007

Traditionally served by the major Turin–Rome express services, the Genoa–Pisa railway has been used by both regular services and seasonal and tourist trains running over the passes connecting to France and Switzerland. The most prestigious trains included the Palatino express with beds and couchettes, the Tirreno express and the Genova Sprint, first operated with ALe 601 electric multiple units and later with ETR 300 Settebello sets.[12]

In 1989, the introduction of a new timetable by FS led to the establishment of a series of Intercity trains on the line, which led to the reduction of direct services running beyond Rome.[13]

In 2010, the line was used by the first private long-distance trains,[14] operated by the Arenaways company, which then went bankrupt.

Regional services

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The first double-decker carriages in Liguria were put into service to meet the high demand

The particular locations of the coastal centres, particularly in the Ligurian area, favoured the establishment of local services for the connection of the countryside and hamlets.

These services proved to be particularly valuable both in the city of Genoa, thanks to the presence of numerous toll booths and stops, and, in the Cinque Terre, due to the lack of roads.

After Italian reform resulted in the transfer of responsibility for local transport to the regions, regional rail services were established as two main service groups, both carried out by Trenitalia:

  • regional suburban trains that centre on Genoa and have as their main termini Genova Nervi and Recco, regional trains that end in Sestri Levante, fast regional trains on the Genoa–La Spezia route and regional trains running between Sestri Levante and La Spezia (serving the Cinque Terre) as part of the service contract with the Ligurian region;
  • regional trains on the La Spezia–Pisa, La Spezia–Florence and Pontremoli–Florence (from the Parma–La Spezia line) routes, as part of a service contract with the Tuscany region ("Memorario" services). Some services from Milan or Bergamo (formerly the Freccia della Versilia—"arrow of Versilia"—service) towards Pisa are added to these, always running over the Parma–La Spezia line.

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Azienda autonoma delle Ferrovie dello Stato, Service order no. 10, 1948.
  2. ^ "Notizie flash". I Treni Oggi (in Italian) (7): 5–6. March 1981.
  3. ^ Service order no. 67 of 1949
  4. ^ "Impianti FS". I Treni (in Italian). XXIV (252): 8. October 2003. ISSN 0392-4602.
  5. ^ Railway Atlas 2017, pp. 45–46, 50–51, 143, 145.
  6. ^ Prospetto cronologico 1926.
  7. ^ Kalla-Bishop 1971, p. 23.
  8. ^ a b c Kalla-Bishop 1971, p. 41.
  9. ^ Kalla-Bishop 1971, p. 52.
  10. ^ a b c Kalla-Bishop 1971, p. 104.
  11. ^ Kalla-Bishop 1971, p. 103
  12. ^ Blasi & Colasanti 1992.
  13. ^ "News". I Treni (in Italian) (90): 7. February 1989.
  14. ^ Minari, Marco (December 2010). "Arenaways è partita". I Treni (in Italian) (332): 13.

Sources

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  • Blasi, Bruno; Colasanti, Roberto (April 1992). ""Genova Sprint" sulla Tirrenica". I Treni Oggi (in Italian) (125): 14.
  • Borghini, Egisto Umberto (1992). La strada ferrata da Porta ai Quercioli. Un tratto della linea Pisa-La Spezia (in Italian). Pisa: Edistudio.
  • Bozzano, Corrado; Pastore, Roberto; Serra, Claudio (2010). Tra mare e monti da Genova alla Spezia (in Italian). Genova: Nuova Editrice Genovese. ISBN 978-88-88963-38-9.
  • Carboncini, Adriano Betti (May–June 1992). "La ferrovia ligure". I Treni Oggi (in Italian) (126 and 127).
  • Castiglioni, Franco (February 1985). "Cinque Terre, una ferrovia". I Treni Oggi (in Italian) (47): 25.
  • Castiglioni, Franco (October 1997). "Gallerie delle Cinque Terre". I Treni (in Italian) (186): 34.
  • Cruciani, Marcello (November 1989). "Meno fermate per la Tirrenica". I Treni Oggi (in Italian) (98): 17.
  • Kalla-Bishop, P. M. (1971). Italian Railways. Newton Abbott, Devon, England: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-5168-0.
  • Landi, Pier Luigi (1972). "Intorno a un progetto di strada ferrata da Livorno a Genova (1856-1857)". Nuova Rivista Storica (in Italian) (III–IV): 376–388.
  • Mandelli, Alessandro (April 2010). "Ferrovia delle Cinque Terre". Tutto Treno & Storia (in Italian) (23): 28.
  • Mandelli, Alessandro (November 2010). "Trifase alle Cinque Terre". Tutto Treno & Storia (in Italian) (24): 22.
  • Mandelli, Alessandro (October 2011). "Da Sestri a La Spezia". Tutto Treno & Storia (in Italian) (25): 46.
  • Mandelli, Alessandro (April 2014). "La litoranea ligure di Levante". I Treni (in Italian) (369): 14–21.
  • Tuzza, Alessandro, ed. (1927). "Prospetto cronologico dei tratti di ferrovia aperti all'esercizio dal 1839 al 31 dicembre 1926" (in Italian). Ufficio Centrale di Statistica delle Ferrovie dello Stato/Trenidicarta.it. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  • 1905-2005 Cento anni di FS in Toscana (in Italian) (Associazione Toscana Treni Storici ed.). Florence: Pegaso. 2005.
  • Atlante ferroviario d'Italia e Slovenia [Railway atlas of Italy and Slovenia]. Schweers Wall. 2010. ISBN 978-3-89494-129-1.
  • Line 77 booklet (Genova-La Spezia) (in Italian). Rete Ferroviaria Italiana. 2003.
  • Line 99 booklet (La Spezia-Pisa) (in Italian). Rete Ferroviaria Italiana. 2003.
  • Tipografi della camera dei Deputati, ed. (1861). Atti del Parlamento italiano, sessione del 1861 (in Italian). Turin: tipografia Eredi Botta.

See also

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