Porpolomopsis calyptriformis, commonly known as the pink wax cap, ballerina waxcap or salmon waxy cap,[3] is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] A similar but as yet unnamed species occurs in North America.[4]
| Porpolomopsis calyptriformis | |
|---|---|
| |
| In England | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
| Genus: | Porpolomopsis |
| Species: | P. calyptriformis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Porpolomopsis calyptriformis (Berk.) Bresinsky (2008)
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Agaricus calyptriformis Berk. (1838) | |
Taxonomy
editThe species was first described in 1838 by the Rev. Miles Joseph Berkeley as Agaricus calyptraeformis (so spelt), based on specimens he collected locally in England. In 1889, Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod moved it to the genus Hygrocybe. The specific epithet comes from Greek καλὐπτρα (= a woman's veil) Latin forma (= shape), hence "veil-shaped".[5]
In 2008, Bresinsky proposed the genus Porpolomopsis to accommodate the species.[6] Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, found that Porpolomopsis calyptriformis does not belong in Hygrocybe sensu stricto and confirmed its removal to the genus Porpolomopsis.[6][7]
Description
editBasidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 125mm (5 in) tall, the cap narrowly conical at first, retaining an acute umbo when expanded, up to 75mm (3 in) across, often splitting when expanded, the margins turning upwards. The cap surface is smooth to fibrillose, slightly shiny or greasy, pale rose-pink to lilac-pink (rarely white). The lamellae (gills) are widely spaced, waxy, cap-coloured or whiter. The stipe (stem) is smooth, white to pale cap-coloured, lacking a ring. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, c. 6.5 to 8.0 by 4.5 to 5.5μm.[8]
The species can normally be distinguished in the field, thanks to its shape and colour. No other European waxcap is pink with a pointed cap.[8]
Distribution and habitat
editThe Pink Waxcap is widespread but generally rare throughout Europe, with its "stronghold" in the United Kingdom[1] where it is not uncommon. Like other waxcaps, it occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns). The species has been reported from North America, but specimens that have been DNA-sequenced are not the same as the European P. calyptriformis.[4]
Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses.[9]
Conservation
editPorpolomopsis calyptriformis is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] It is also one of 33 larger fungi proposed for international protection under the Bern Convention.[10] Porpolomopsis calyptriformis also appears on the official or provisional national red lists of threatened fungi in several European countries, including Austria,[11] Bulgaria,[12] the Czech Republic,[13] Denmark,[14] France,[15] Germany (Bavaria),[16] Hungary,[15] Italy,[15] Poland,[17] Slovakia,[18] Spain,[15] and Switzerland.[19]
Porpolomopsis calyptriformis | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is conical |
 | Hymenium is adnate or free |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Edibility is edible |
References
edit- ^ a b c d "Pink Waxcap Porpolomopsis calyptriformis: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- ^ "Porpolomopsis calyptriformis". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ Thiers, Harry D.; Arora, David (September 1980). "Mushrooms Demystified". Mycologia. 72 (5): 1054. doi:10.2307/3759750. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ a b "Taxonomy in Detail: Pink Waxcap Porpolomopsis calyptriformis: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- ^ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: A Handbook of the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 799.
- ^ a b Lodge DJ; et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0. S2CID 220615978.
- ^ Babos M, Halász K, Zagyva T, Zöld-Balogh Á, Szegő D, Bratek Z (2011). "Preliminary notes on dual relevance of ITS sequences and pigments in Hygrocybe taxonomy". Persoonia. 26: 99–107. doi:10.3767/003158511X578349. PMC 3160800. PMID 22025807.
- ^ a b Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.
- ^ Seitzman BH, Ouimette A, Mixon RL, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS (2011). "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia. 103 (2): 280–290. doi:10.3852/10-195. PMID 21139028. S2CID 318326.
- ^ "33 threatened fungi in Europe" (PDF). ECCF. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ "Austrian fungi database". Austrian Mycological Siociety. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ Gyosheva MM, Denchev CM, Dimitrova EG, Assyov B, Petrova RD, Stoichev DT (2006). "Red List of fungi in Bulgaria" (PDF). Mycologia Balcanica. 3: 81–87.
- ^ "Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic". Czech Scientific Society for Mycology. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ "Den danske rødliste". Aarhus Universitet. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ a b c d "Species dossier: Hygrocybe calyptriformis" (PDF). Plantlife. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ "Rote Liste gefährdeter Großpilze Bayerns" (PDF). Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ "Czerwona Lista grzybów Polski". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ "Red list of Slovak fungi" (PDF). Slovak Mycological Society. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ "Provisorische Rote Liste". Pilze Schweiz. Retrieved 2011-10-12.