The Pingshui Rhyming Scheme (Chinese: 平水韻; pinyin: Píngshǔi Yùn; lit. 'Level Water Rhyme') is a rhyming system of the Middle Chinese language. Compiled in the Jin dynasty, Pingshui Yun is one of the most popular rhyming systems in Chinese poetry after the Tang dynasty and the official standard in later dynasties.[1][2]
History
editPingshui Yun possibly originated as an abridged version of the rhyme dictionary Guangyun, whose 206-rhyme system was criticized for being overly restrictive.[3] The system was traditionally attributed to Song dynasty scholar Liu Yuan (劉淵), whose 1252 work Renzi Xinkan Libu Yunlüe (壬子新刊禮部韻略) divided common Chinese characters in poetry into 107 rhyme categories. However, in 1223, Xinkan Yunlüe (新刊韻略) was already published by Wang Wenyu (王文鬱) of the Jin dynasty. The latter's contents were almost identical to Renzi Xinkan Libu Yunlüe, with the only difference being that Liu's book splits the rhyme category 迥 into two.[4] A book unearthed from the Mogao Caves named Paizi Yun (排字韻) implies that the system was already widely circulated at the time.[5]
Both works have since been lost. In the Yuan dynasty, Yunfu Qunyu by Yin Shifu (陰時夫) first named the 106-category version as Pingshui Yun. The origin of the name "Pingshui" is unclear. Traditionally, it is believed that "Pingshui" refers to Liu Yuan's hometown in modern Linfen, Shanxi. Alternatively, "Pingshui" may refer to a government post in charge of tax for fishing.[6]
In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the Pingshui Yun system was highly influential as the Yunfu Qunyu version served as the official standard in the imperial examinations.[7][8] Although modern Chinese phonology has become significantly different from Middle Chinese, the system is still being used by some poets today.[2]
In addition to literary usage of this rime system, in early modern China when sending telegraphs were expensive, the words in Pingshui Yun were used to represent dates in order to reduce the number of characters as shown on the table on the right.
Rhyme categories
editThe following chart lists all 106 rhyme groups of the Pingshui Yun system and the modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation of the representative characters.[9]
| 平 level | 上 rising | 去 departing | 入 entering |
|---|---|---|---|
| 東 dōng | 董 dǒng | 送 sòng | 屋 wū |
| 冬 dōng | 腫 zhǒng | 宋 sòng | 沃 wò |
| 江 jiāng | 講 jiǎng | 絳 jiàng | 覺 jué |
| 支 zhī | 紙 zhǐ | 寘 zhì | |
| 微 wēi | 尾 wěi | 未 wèi | |
| 魚 yú | 語 yǔ | 御 yù | |
| 虞 yú | 麌 yǔ | 遇 yù | |
| 齊 qí | 薺 jì | 霽 jì | |
| 泰 tài | |||
| 佳 jiā | 蟹 xiè | 卦 guà | |
| 灰 huī | 賄 huì | 隊 duì | |
| 真 zhēn | 軫 zhěn | 震 zhèn | 質 zhì |
| 文 wén | 吻 wěn | 問 wèn | 物 wù |
| 元 yuán | 阮 ruǎn | 願 yuàn | 月 yuè |
| 寒 hán | 旱 hàn | 翰 hàn | 曷 hé |
| 刪 shān | 潸 shān | 諫 jiàn | 鎋 xiá |
| 先 xiān | 銑 xiǎn | 霰 xiàn | 屑 xiè |
| 蕭 xiāo | 篠 xiǎo | 嘯 xiào | |
| 肴 yáo | 巧 qiǎo | 效 xiào | |
| 豪 háo | 晧 hào | 號 hào | |
| 歌 gē | 哿 gě | 箇 gè | |
| 麻 má | 馬 mǎ | 禡 mà | |
| 陽 yáng | 養 yǎng | 漾 yàng | 藥 yào |
| 庚 gēng | 梗 gěng | 映 yìng | 陌 mò |
| 青 qīng | 迥 jiǒng | 徑 jìng | 錫 xī |
| 蒸 zhēng | 職 zhí | ||
| 尤 yóu | 有 yǒu | 宥 yòu | |
| 侵 qīn | 寑 qǐn | 沁 qìn | 緝 qì |
| 覃 tán | 感 gǎn | 勘 kàn | 合 hé |
| 鹽 yán | 琰 yǎn | 豔 yàn | 葉 yè |
| 咸 xián | 豏 xiàn | 陷 xiàn | 洽 qià |
References
edit- ^ Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008), Chinese lexicography: a history from 1046 BC to AD 1911, Oxford University Press, p. 324, ISBN 978-0-19-156167-2.
- ^ a b Hartmann, R.R.K. (2003). Lexicography: Reference works across time, space and languages. London: Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 9780415253659.
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 139, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8.
- ^ 涂宗涛 (2010). ""平水韵"之"平水"解". 苹楼夕照集 (in Chinese). 山西古籍出版社. ISBN 9787805982168.
- ^ Takata, Tokio (2004). "莫高窟北區石窟發現《排字韻》箚記" (PDF). Journal of Dunhuang Studies (in Chinese) (25).
- ^ Wang, Li (1980). 音韵学初步 (in Chinese). Beijing: Commercial Press. p. 23. ISBN 9789620740060.
- ^ 元史论丛·第九卷. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 2004. p. 110. ISBN 9787504342256.
- ^ 李新魁 (1979). 古音槪说. 广东人民出版社. p. 77.
- ^ Creamer, Thomas B.I. (1991), "Chinese lexicography", in Hausmann, Franz Josef (ed.), Wörterbücher: ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie, vol. 3, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p. 2609, ISBN 978-3-11-012421-7.