Photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon. The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency and thus, equivalently, is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon's frequency, the higher its energy. Equivalently, the longer the photon's wavelength, the lower its energy.
Photon energy can be expressed using any energy unit. Among the units commonly used to denote photon energy are the electronvolt (eV) and the joule (as well as its multiples, such as the microjoule). As one joule equals 6.24×1018 eV, the larger units may be more useful in denoting the energy of photons with higher frequency and higher energy, such as gamma rays, as opposed to lower energy photons as in the optical and radio frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Formulas
editPhysics
editPhoton energy is directly proportional to frequency.[1] where
- is energy (joules in the SI system)[2]
- is the Planck constant
- is frequency[2]
This equation is known as the Planck relation.
Additionally, using equation f = c/λ, where
- E is the photon's energy
- λ is the photon's wavelength
- c is the speed of light in vacuum
- h is the Planck constant
The photon energy at 1 Hz is equal to 6.62607015×10−34 J, which is equal to 4.135667697×10−15 eV.
Electronvolt
editPhoton energy is often measured in electronvolts. One electronvolt (eV) is exactly 1.602176634×10−19 J[3] or, using the atto prefix, 0.1602176634 aJ, in the SI system. To find the photon energy in electronvolt using the wavelength in micrometres, the equation is approximately
since = 1.239841984...×10−6 eV⋅m[4] where h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and e is the elementary charge.
The photon energy of near infrared radiation at 1 μm wavelength is approximately 1.2398 eV.
Examples
editAn FM radio station transmitting at 100 MHz emits photons with an energy of about 4.1357×10−7 eV. This minuscule amount of energy is approximately 8×10−13 times the electron's mass (via mass–energy equivalence).
Very-high-energy gamma rays have photon energies of 100 GeV to over 1 PeV (1011 to 1015 electronvolts) or 16 nJ to 160 μJ.[5] This corresponds to frequencies of 2.42×1025 Hz to 2.42×1029 Hz.
During photosynthesis, specific chlorophyll molecules absorb red-light photons at a wavelength of 700 nm in the photosystem I, corresponding to an energy of each photon of ≈ 2 eV ≈ 3×10−19 J ≈ 75 kBT, where kBT denotes the thermal energy. A minimum of 48 photons is needed for the synthesis of a single glucose molecule from CO2 and water (chemical potential difference 5×10−18 J) with a maximal energy conversion efficiency of 35%.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Energy of Photon". Photovoltaic Education Network, pveducation.org.
- ^ a b "6.3 How is energy related to the wavelength of radiation? | METEO 300: Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science".
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron volt". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "NIST table of fundamental physical constants". Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ Sciences, Chinese Academy of. "Observatory discovers a dozen PeVatrons and photons exceeding 1 PeV, launches ultra-high-energy gamma astronomy era". phys.org. Retrieved 2021-11-25.