Heraldic flag

In heraldry and vexillology, a heraldic flag is a flag containing coats of arms, heraldic badges, or other devices used for personal identification.

Heraldic flags include banners, standards, pennons and their variants, gonfalons, guidons, and pinsels. Specifications governing heraldic flags vary from country to country, and have varied over time.

Types

Pennon

The pennon is a small elongated flag, either pointed or swallow-tailed (when swallow-tailed it may be described as a banderole^[1]). It was charged with the heraldic badge or some other armorial ensign of the owner, and displayed on his own lance, as a personal ensign. The pennoncelle was a modification of the pennon.^[2]

In contemporary Scots usage, the pennon is 120 cm (four feet) in length. It tapers either to a point or to a rounded end as the owner chooses. It is assigned by the Lord Lyon King of Arms to any armiger who wishes to apply for it.^[3]

Heraldic banners at the funeral of Elizabeth I. The queen's casket is escorted by mourners bearing the banners of her ancestors' arms marshalled with the arms of their wives.^[4]

The banner of arms (also simply called banner) is square or oblong and larger than the pennon, bearing the entire coat of arms of the owner, composed precisely as upon a shield but in a square or rectangular shape.^[2]^[5]

In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry, it was the custom to mark his meritorious conduct by prompt advancement on the very field of battle. In such a case, the point or points of the good Knight's Pennon were rent off, and thus the ... small Flag was reduced to the square form of the Banner, by which thenceforth he was to be distinguished
— Charles Boutell, The Handbook to English Heraldry^[2]

The banners of members of Orders of Chivalry are typically displayed in the Order's chapel. Banners of Knights of the Order of the Thistle are hung in the 1911 chapel of the Order in St Giles High Kirk in Edinburgh.^[6] Banners of Knights of the Order of the Garter are displayed in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. From Victorian times Garter banners have been approximately 1.5 m × 1.5 m (5 ft × 5 ft).^[7]

Banners became available to all English armigers as a result of a report by Garter to the Earl Marshal dated 29 January 1906. The report stated that the size of a banner for Esquires and Gentlemen should be considered in the future.^[8] Until that date, they were available to all noblemen and knights banneret.^[9] In 2011, Garter Woodcock said that the banner for an Esquire or Gentleman should be the same size as a Marquess's and those of a lower rank down to Knight, that is, 90 cm × 90 cm (3 ft × 3 ft).^[8]

In Scotland, the size of personal banners, excluding any fringes, are specified by the Lord Lyon.^[3]^[10]

**Scottish banners**
Rank	Size
The Sovereign	1.50 metres square
Dukes	1.25 metres square
Earls	1.10 metres square
Viscounts and Barons	1.00 metres square
Baronets and Feudal Barons	0.90 metres square
Other Armigers	70 centimetres wide x 85 centimetres high^[3]

Heraldic standard

Standard of Sir Henry de Stafford, about 1475, features the Stafford knot and Bohun swan heraldic badges differenced with a crescent gules for cadency. The standard bears the Cross of Saint George for England. Black and red (sable and gules) were Sir Henry's livery colours.^[11]

Standard of the Leonese Monarchs during the Middle Ages (until the 13th century). It is one of the oldest heraldic flags, and the documentation for the colours dates from c. 1150.^[12]

An example of a standard suitable for a Scottish baronet (who is, in this case, also the chief of Clan Macdonald of Sleat)

The heraldic standard appeared around the middle of the fourteenth century, and it was in general use by personages of high rank during the two following centuries. The standard appears to have been adopted for the special purpose of displaying badges. "The badge was worn on his livery by a servant as retainer, and consequently the standard by which he mustered in camp was of the livery colours, and bore the badge, with both of which the retainer was familiar."^[2]

Heraldic flags that are used by individuals, like a monarch or president, as a means of identification are often called 'standards' (e.g. royal standard). These flags, usually banners, are not standards in a strict heraldic sense but have come to be known as such. The heraldic standard is not rectangular – it tapers, usually from 120 to 60 cm (4 to 2 ft), and the fly edge is rounded (lanceolate). In England, any armiger who has been granted a badge is entitled to fly a standard.

The medieval English standard was larger than the other flags, and its size varied with the owner's rank. The Cross of Saint George usually appeared next to the staff, and the rest of the field was generally divided per fess (horizontally) into two colours, in most cases the livery colours of the owner. "With some principal figure or device occupying a prominent position, various badges are displayed over the whole field, a motto, which is placed bend-wise, having divided the standard into compartments. The edges are fringed throughout, and the extremity is sometimes swallow-tailed, and sometimes rounded."^[2] The Royal standards of England were used by the kings of England as a headquarters symbol for their armies. Modern usage of the heraldic standard includes the flag of the Master Gunner, St James's Park^[13] and the flag of the Port of London Authority (used by the chairman and the Vice Chairman).^[14]

The Oriflamme was the battle standard of the King of France during the Middle Ages.

In Scotland, a standard requires a separate grant by the Lord Lyon. Such a grant is made only if certain conditions are met.

The length of the standard depends upon one's noble rank.^[3]

**Scottish standards**
Rank	Length
The Sovereign	6.4 m (21 ft)
Dukes	6.1 m (20 ft)
Marquesses	5.5 m (18 ft)
Earls	4.9 m (16 ft)
Viscounts	4.6 m (15 ft)
Lords of Parliament	4.0 m (13 ft)
Baronets	3.7 m (12 ft)
Knights and Feudal Barons	3.0 m (10 ft)^[3]

Banderole

A Banderole (Fr. for a "little banner"), has both a literal descriptive meaning for its use by knights and ships, and is also heraldic device for representing bishops.^[1]

Gonfalone

Royal Banner of the King of Denmark in the 14th century, based on the Royal Arms of Denmark

A gonfalone or gonfalon is a vertically hung banner emblazoned with a coat of arms. Gonfalons have wide use in civic, religious, and academic heraldry. The term originated in Florence, Italy, where communities, or neighborhoods, traditionally displayed gonfaloni in public ceremonies.

Guidon

The Scots guidon is similar in shape to the standard and pennon. At 1.98 metres (6 feet 6 inches) long, it is smaller than the standard and twice the size of the pennon. Guidons are assigned by the Lord Lyon to those individuals who qualify for a grant of supporters to their Arms and to other individuals who have a following such as individuals who occupy a position of leadership or a long-term official position commanding the loyalty of more than a handful of people. The Guidon tapers to a round, unsplit end at the fly.^[3]

A guidon can also refer to a cavalry troop's banner, such as that which survived the Custer massacre.^[15]

Pinsel

The Scottish pinsel is triangular in shape, 76 cm (2 1⁄2 ft) high at the hoist and 140 cm (4 1⁄2 ft) in width tapering to a point. This is the flag denoting a person to whom a Clan Chief has delegated authority for a particular occasion, such as a clan gathering when the Chief is absent. This flag is allotted only to Chiefs or very special Chieftain-Barons for practical use, and only upon the specific authority of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.^[3]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Chisholm 1911, p. 312.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Boutell 1914, pp. 246–251
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g lyon-court.org
^ From a manuscript of 1603.
^ "Flags of the World: Dictionary of Vexillology: B (Backing - Banner of Victory): Banner of arms". Flags of the World. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ Burnett & Hodgson 2001, pp. 6–7.
^ Johnston 2011.
^ ^a ^b Woodcock 2011
^ Berry 1830, p. ^{[page needed]}
^ "The Court of the Lord Lyon - Further Guidance on Flags". 26 December 2019. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
^ Boutell 1914, p. 251.
^ Lipskey 1972, p. ^{[page needed]}
^ "United Kingdom - Army Flags". flags.net. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
^ "United Kingdom - Civilian Marine Services". flags.net. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
^ "Custer's 'Last Flag' sells for $2.2 million". NBC News. 10 December 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2018.

References

Berry, W. (1830). Encyclopaedia heraldica or complete dictionary of heraldry. Vol. 1. London: Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper.
Boutell, Charles (1914). Fox-Davies, A. C. (ed.). The Handbook to English Heraldry (11th ed.). London: Reeves & Turner.
Burnett, C.J.; Hodgson, L. (2001). Stall Plates of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle in the Chapel of the Order within St Giles' Cathedral, The High Kirk of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Heraldry Society of Scotland. ISBN 0-9525258-3-6.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Banderole" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 312.
Johnston, L. (2011). "Emperor Akihito and the heraldic achievements of the Garter".
Lipskey, Glenn Edgard (1972). "The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor, The Poem of Almeria". Retrieved 15 December 2014.
"The Court of the Lord Lyon - Further Guidance on Flags". lyon-court.org. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
Woodcock, T (2011). "Garter King of Arms". College of Arms. Personal communication dated 23 December 2011.^{[full citation needed]}

Attribution This article incorporates text from A. C. Fox-Davies' 1914 edition of Charles Boutell's

The Handbook to English Heraldry at Project Gutenberg, which is in the public domain in the United States.