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Patrick Arnold (born 1966)[1] is an American organic chemist known for introducing androstenedione, 1-androstenediol, and methylhexanamine into the dietary supplement market, and for creating the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone, also known as THG and "the clear".[2] THG, along with two other anabolic steroids that Arnold manufactured (norbolethone and desoxymethyltestosterone (DMT)), not banned at the time of their creation, were hard-to-detect drugs at the heart of the BALCO professional sports doping scandal.[3][4] BALCO distributed these worldwide to world-class athletes in a wide variety of sports ranging from track and field to professional baseball and football.
Patrick Arnold | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1966 (age 57–58) Guilford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Known for | Role in BALCO scandal |
| Criminal status | Released |
| Conviction(s) | Conspiracy to distribute steroids |
| Criminal penalty | 3 months imprisonment 3 months house arrest |
| Alma mater | University of New Haven |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Organic chemistry |
Patrick Arnold also reintroduced methylhexanamine into the market as a dietary supplement[5] under the mark Geranamine, a substance that has gained popularity.
Arnold, who is also an amateur bodybuilder, initially gained notoriety as "the Father of Prohormones."[6]
Life and early career
editArnold grew up in Guilford, Connecticut. At age 11 he started working out after his father gave him a set of weights. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, despite following protein diets, he grew frustrated with his inability to put on much muscle mass. According to his version of events, Arnold's first contact with steroids happened when "a guy in a gym got him a cheap counterfeit steroid that contained just enough methyltestosterone that it added 10 pounds of muscle in all the right places."[7] This sparked his interest in chemistry, and in 1990 Arnold graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of New Haven.[6][7]
After graduation Arnold took a lab job in New Jersey that allowed him enough free time to research performance enhancers. He also took classes on organic synthesis at the University of Connecticut and Montclair State, and "devoured" books on supplements and steroids, studying both approved and unapproved Western drugs and those used by the East Germans in their doping heyday.
In 1996 he befriended Dan Duchaine, who introduced Arnold to Stan Antosh, the owner of Osmo Therapy, a supplement company then based in San Francisco. Antosh persuaded Arnold to move his research to a small company in Seymour, Illinois, called Bar North America, which was owned by Ramlakhan Boodram. In Seymour, Arnold reviewed old patents looking for drugs that had never made it to market or were used only briefly. Later that year he introduced androstenedione, also known as "andro," to the North American market, which became successful after Mark McGwire was found using it. But, because their company didn't sell andro directly to consumers, but only as an ingredient to other supplement makers, Arnold missed out on a financial windfall.[7]
In 2001 Arnold's company introduced the prohormone 1-Androstenediol, under the marketing name 1-AD. Like andro, 1-AD is a prohormone that is easily converted by the body into 1-testosterone, and it sold well. But the boom was short-lived. In January '05 an amendment to the federal Controlled Substance Act banned prohormones. The company lost 60% of their sales, and became unprofitable.[7]
According to Arnold, Victor Conte contacted him in 2000 seeking undetectable drugs. Arnold offered norbolethone, which he had synthesized in 1998. About this new venture Arnold recalls, "I didn't feel I was jumping into anything more than [a potential problem] with a sports governing body," and attributes his motivation for involvement to his curiosity about the responsiveness of well-trained athletes, as well as pride in his own work. In 2001 Arnold switched to providing Conte with tetrahydrogestrinone after norbolethone started to draw scrutiny from drug testers.[7]
Time in prison
editIn 2006, Arnold was sentenced to three months in prison at Federal Correctional Institution, Morgantown in West Virginia followed by three months of house arrest for his role in the BALCO scandal.[2]
References
edit- ^ Newton, David E. (2018). Steroids and Doping in Sports: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 166. ISBN 9781440854828. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ a b Creator Of 'The Clear' Imprisoned CBS News, 04 Aug 2006, retrieved July 2007
- ^ Shipley, Amy (4 November 2005). "Illinois Chemist Is Indicted in BALCO Scandal". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ Chemist Who Created "The Clear" Sentenced Archived 2006-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, United States Department of Justice Press Release, 04 Aug 2006, retrieved July 2007
- ^ "Under the Knife: 997". 16 August 2010.
- ^ a b Henry K. Lee (August 4, 2006) Inventor of 'clear' steroid gets 3 months in prison, The San Francisco Chronicle
- ^ a b c d e George Dohrmann (October 09, 2006) Is This Dr. Evil? A legend in the sports netherworld, chemist Patrick Arnold--inventor of THG--breaks his silence on his role in the BALCO scandal and hints of a future filled with scary science , Sports Illustrated
External links
edit- Official blog Archived 2011-02-02 at the Wayback Machine