Wikipedia

PK/PD model

PK/PD modeling (pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling) (alternatively abbreviated as PKPD[1] or PK-PD[2] modeling) is a technique that combines the two classical pharmacologic disciplines of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.[3] It integrates a pharmacokinetic and a pharmacodynamic model component into one set of mathematical expressions that allows the description of the time course of effect intensity in response to administration of a drug dose. PK/PD modeling is related to the field of pharmacometrics.

Central to PK/PD models is the concentration-effect or exposure-response relationship.[4] A variety of PK/PD modeling approaches exist to describe exposure-response relationships. PK/PD relationships can be described by simple equations such as linear model, Emax model or sigmoid Emax model.[5] However, if a delay is observed between the drug administration and the drug effect, a temporal dissociation needs to be taken into account and more complex models exist:[6][7]

  • Direct vs Indirect link PK/PD models
  • Direct vs Indirect response PK/PD models[8]
  • Time variant vs time invariant
  • Cell lifespan models
  • Complex response models

PK/PD modeling has its importance at each step of the drug development[9][10] and it has shown its usefulness in many diseases.[11] The Food and Drug Administration also provides guidances for Industry to recommend how exposure-response studies should be performed.[12]

References

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  1. ^ Hahn, J. O.; Khosravi, S.; Dumont, G. A.; Ansermino, J. M. (2011). "Two-stage vs mixed-effect approach to pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol in children using state entropy". Pediatric Anesthesia. 21 (6): 691–698. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03584.x. PMID 21518104. S2CID 23414752.691-698&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23414752#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/21518104&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03584.x&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=J. O.&rft.au=Khosravi, S.&rft.au=Dumont, G. A.&rft.au=Ansermino, J. M.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">
  2. ^ Goutelle, S.; Maurin, M.; Rougier, F.; Barbaut, X.; Bourguignon, L.; Ducher, M.; Maire, P. (2008). "The Hill equation: A review of its capabilities in pharmacological modelling". Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 22 (6): 633–48. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00633.x. PMID 19049668. S2CID 4979109.633-48&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4979109#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/19049668&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00633.x&rft.aulast=Goutelle&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Maurin, M.&rft.au=Rougier, F.&rft.au=Barbaut, X.&rft.au=Bourguignon, L.&rft.au=Ducher, M.&rft.au=Maire, P.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">
  3. ^ Derendorf, H.; Meibohm, B. (1999). "Modeling of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships: Concepts and perspectives". Pharmaceutical Research. 16 (2): 176–185. doi:10.1023/A:1011907920641. PMID 10100300. S2CID 23165736.176-185&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23165736#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/10100300&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023/A:1011907920641&rft.aulast=Derendorf&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Meibohm, B.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">
  4. ^ Upton, Rn; Mould, Dr (2014). "Basic Concepts in Population Modeling, Simulation, and Model-Based Drug Development: Part 3-Introduction to Pharmacodynamic Modeling Methods". CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology. 3 (1): 88. doi:10.1038/psp.2013.71. PMC 3917320. PMID 24384783.
  5. ^ Meibohm, B.; Derendorf, H. (October 1997). "Basic concepts of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 35 (10): 401–413. ISSN 0946-1965. PMID 9352388.401-413&rft.date=1997-10&rft_id=info:pmid/9352388&rft.issn=0946-1965&rft.aulast=Meibohm&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Derendorf, H.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">
  6. ^ Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications. Crommelin, Daan; Meibohm, Bernd; Sindelar, Robert. Third Edition. Informa Healthcare USA. 2008.
  7. ^ Mager, Donald E.; Wyska, Elzbieta; Jusko, William J. (2003-05-01). "Diversity of Mechanism-Based Pharmacodynamic Models". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 31 (5): 510–518. doi:10.1124/dmd.31.5.510. ISSN 0090-9556. PMID 12695336.510-518&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft.issn=0090-9556&rft_id=info:pmid/12695336&rft_id=info:doi/10.1124/dmd.31.5.510&rft.aulast=Mager&rft.aufirst=Donald E.&rft.au=Wyska, Elzbieta&rft.au=Jusko, William J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">
  8. ^ Dayneka, Natalie L.; Garg, Varun; Jusko, William J. (August 1993). "Comparison of Four Basic Models of Indirect Pharmacodynamic Responses". Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 21 (4): 457–478. doi:10.1007/BF01061691. ISSN 0090-466X. PMC 4207304. PMID 8133465.457-478&rft.date=1993-08&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207304#id-name=PMC&rft.issn=0090-466X&rft_id=info:pmid/8133465&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/BF01061691&rft.aulast=Dayneka&rft.aufirst=Natalie L.&rft.au=Garg, Varun&rft.au=Jusko, William J.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207304&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">
  9. ^ Aarons, L.; Karlsson, M. O.; Mentré, F.; Rombout, F.; Steimer, J. L.; van Peer, A.; COST B15 Experts (May 2001). "Role of modelling and simulation in Phase I drug development". European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 13 (2): 115–122. doi:10.1016/S0928-0987(01)00096-3. ISSN 0928-0987. PMID 11297895.115-122&rft.date=2001-05&rft.issn=0928-0987&rft_id=info:pmid/11297895&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0928-0987(01)50096-3&rft.aulast=Aarons&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Karlsson, M. O.&rft.au=Mentré, F.&rft.au=Rombout, F.&rft.au=Steimer, J. L.&rft.au=van Peer, A.&rft.au=COST B15 Experts&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Rajman, Iris (2008-04-01). "PK/PD modelling and simulations: utility in drug development". Drug Discovery Today. 13 (7): 341–346. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2008.01.003. PMID 18405847.341-346&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.drudis.2008.01.003&rft_id=info:pmid/18405847&rft.aulast=Rajman&rft.aufirst=Iris&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">
  11. ^ Karlsson, Mats O.; Anehall, Therese; Friberg, Lena E.; Henningsson, Anja; Kloft, Charlotte; Sandström, Marie; Xie, Rujia (2005-03-01). "Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling in Oncological Drug Development". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 96 (3): 206–211. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960310.x. ISSN 1742-7843. PMID 15733216.206-211&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.issn=1742-7843&rft_id=info:pmid/15733216&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960310.x&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Mats O.&rft.au=Anehall, Therese&rft.au=Friberg, Lena E.&rft.au=Henningsson, Anja&rft.au=Kloft, Charlotte&rft.au=Sandström, Marie&rft.au=Xie, Rujia&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-7843.2005.pto960310.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:PK/PD model" class="Z3988">
  12. ^ Food and Drug Administration (2018-08-24). "Exposure-Response Relationships — Study Design, Data Analysis, and Regulatory Applications". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2022-05-09.


 

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