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Société commerciale des transports et des ports

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The Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports[a] (contracted as SCTP), formerly known as the Office d'Exploitation des Transports Coloniaux 1935–1959,[b][1][2] then Office d'Exploitation des Transports au Congo 1960–1970,[c][3] and Office National des Transports 1971–2011,[d][4][5] is a state-owned enterprise headquartered in Kinshasa. The SCTP operates railways, ports, and inland barge transport in the northern and western regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, along the Congo River. Established in 1935, its main office is strategically situated on Boulevard Du 30 Juin in the Gombe commune of Kinshasa.[6][5]

Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports
Formerly
  • Office d'Exploitation des Transports Coloniaux (1935–1960)
  • Office d'Exploitation des Transports au Congo (1960–1970)
  • ONATRA (1971–2011)
Company typePublic
Founded1935; 89 years ago (1935)
Headquarters
Boulevard du 30 Juin, Gombe, Kinshasa
,
Democratic Republic of the Congo

Functionality and organization

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The SCTP, operating under the general regulations applicable to state-owned companies and decree-law number 0051 of 17 November 1995 governing its establishment and statutes, is structured in compliance with legal and regulatory provisions.[7] Oversight of the SCTP's organic structures is jointly carried out by the Ministry of Transport and Communication in conjunction with the Ministry of Portfolio.[7]

These structures include:

  • Board of Directors[7]
    • Chaired by a General Delegate President and assisted by the Deputy General Delegate President, this body is responsible for guiding the overall policy of the SCTP.
  • Management Committee[7]
    • This committee oversees day-to-day operations and comprises the President-Delegate-General, the Deputy Delegate-General, and two Administrators (internal directors and a staff representative).
  • General Management[7]
    • Comprising five members, including four administrators appointed by presidential decree and a staff representative, the general management is headed by a managing director. Its mandate is to ensure the company's operations, service, and execution of the general policy determined by the management committee.
      • In addition to the director and staff constituting the management's staff service, the management of the SCTP is structured around 11 departments divided into five operational departments and six logistical or non-operational support departments.
        • Operational departments:[7] These departments are revenue-generating and include:
          • Maritime Ports Department (Département des ports maritimes): responsible for handling operations in the ports of Matadi, Boma, and Banana, as well as navigation on the Congo River.
          • Kinshasa Port Department (Département du port de Kinshasa): managing the port of Kinshasa and the flammable beach of Kingabwa, handling goods, logs, and sawn timber. Located on the left bank of the Congo River at the Pool Malebo, the port operates in shifts similar to the first department.
          • Railway Department (Département de chemin de fer): operating the Matadi-Kinshasa Railway line and urban rail transport in Kinshasa.
          • Department of Ports and River Transport (Département des ports et transports fluviaux): responsible for transport on the river (Kinshasa-Kisangani), on the Kasaï (Kinshasa-Ilebo), on their tributaries, and the crossing from Kinshasa-Brazzaville to Ngobila Beach.
          • Shipyard Department (Département de chantier naval): overseeing the 3 shipyards (Ndolo in Kinshasa; Boma; Boera in Mbandaka), including maintenance, careening, repair of boats, and manufacturing of new river units.
        • Logistical or non-operational support departments:[7] These departments include:
          • Technical Department (Département technique): managing all technical sectors of operational entities.
          • Human Resources Department (Département des ressources humaines): responsible for administrative management and staff training.
          • General Services Department (Département des services généraux): overseeing real estate, construction, hospitals, social affairs, agro-food establishments, and more.
          • Financial Department (Département financier): managing the accounting and financial assets of SCTP.
          • Department of Organization and General Studies (Département de l'organisation et étudesgénérales): leading change in the company, including restructuring and the development of the company's development plan.
          • Internal Audit Department (Département de l'audit interne): ensuring prior and posteriori control, which involves accounting and financial audit, audit of functions, and operation of the general management staff, including commercial, marketing, legal, police, and central control management structures.

History

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Colonial era and post-independence

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Office d'Exploitation des Transports Coloniaux

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The Office d'Exploitation des Transports Coloniaux (OTRACO) was instituted by the Belgian government on 20 April 1935.[8] Its foundational mandate was the centralization and management of transportation services, encompassing the handling, transshipment, and related operations within the Belgian Congo and the territories of Ruanda-Urundi.[8] OTRACO's establishment was not merely a bureaucratic decision but a strategic move by the colonial administration to consolidate control over the vital transportation networks crucial for economic exploitation and administrative control of the vast territories.[8]

The first railway company subsumed under OTRACO was the government-owned Société de Chemin de Fer du Mayumbe, which had previously been administered by the Régie du Chemin de Fer du Mayumbe. This management transfer was formalized through a Royal Decree (Arrêté Royal) on 17 July 1935, with retroactive effect from 31 December 1934.[8] A subsequent decree issued by the Minister of the Colonies on 23 November 1935, further delineated OTRACO's responsibilities and authority in overseeing the Société de Chemin de Fer du Mayumbe, which effectively placed it under the jurisdiction of the Administrator-General of the Colonies.[8]

Expansion and consolidation

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On 16 March 1936, the colonial government, through an accord between its Minister of the Colonies and the Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo (CCFC), assumed full ownership of the railway line, effectively nationalizing it by exchanging colonial government bonds with a nominal value of 500 francs and an interest rate of 4 percent per annum for the outstanding shares.[8] On 22 June 1936, the company further expanded its reach by taking over the assets and liabilities of the Union Nationale des Transports Fluviaux (Unatra), a company that owned a substantial fleet of riverboats, tugboats, and barges.[8] This fleet operated extensive river transport services across the Belgian Congo, including a 1,723-kilometer route from Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) to Stanleyville (now Kisangani).[8] The colonial government guaranteed substantial annual payments to Unatra for a period of 40 years, ensuring the amortization of the company's capital while OTRACO took over operational control. This expansion was formalized by a Royal Decree on 31 July 1936, designating OTRACO as the operating company for Unatra as of 1 September 1936.[8] By a ministerial decree on 30 September 1936, the colony substituted OTRACO for CCFC in executing the provisions of the conventions of 3 September 1929 and 29 December 1931, respectively, between the railroad and the Société pour la Manutention dans les Ports du Congo, which managed the handling, discharge, and transshipment of freight at the port of Matadi, and the Compagnie Industrielle et de Transport au Stanley-Pool (CITAS), which held a similar concession in the port of Léopoldville.[8]

 
Historical view of Boma station
 
CITAS in 1905

From Office d'Exploitation des Transports au Congo to Office National des Transports

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Following the country's independence in the 1960s, the entity was rebranded as the Office d'Exploitation des Transports au Congo (OTRACO).[9] Retaining the structure and operational framework, OTRACO became integral to the Congolese economy and saw the appointment of Jacques Mbilo as the first Congolese president of the management board in 1961.[9][7] The company managed a vast transportation network that included the ports of Banana, Boma, Matadi, and Kinshasa; the railroad linking Kinshasa to N'Djili International Airport; river transport on the Congo and Kasai rivers; several inland river ports; a road transport company in Kivu Province; and the Kongo Central railroads from Matadi to Kinshasa and Boma to Tshela.[9] OTRACO emerged as the largest employer in the country and administered multiple training schools for employees in the transportation sector.[9]

 
Spanish fishing boat at Zaire's main port of Matadi on the Congo River.

In the late 1960s, OTRACO confronted increasing competition and logistical challenges as the government endeavored to modernize and expand the transportation infrastructure.[9] By 1965, OTRACO's river fleet had grown to encompass 158 powerboats and 874 barges, with a total capacity of 286,960 tons. To meet the demands of the expanding economy, the company invested in more powerful and efficient vessels in mid-1969, including three mail boats, three passenger barges, and 16 tank barges with a capacity of 450 metric tons for palm oil.[9] Despite these expansions, OTRACO faced significant logistical challenges, particularly the necessity to develop an all-rail route from Katanga to Matadi. The existing transportation network, reliant on transshipments, was susceptible to disruptions, including attacks by guerrilla groups in neighboring countries.[9] To address these vulnerabilities, the government commissioned feasibility studies for a new railroad link to close the 440-mile gap between Port-Francqui (now Ilebo) and Kinshasa.[9] The proposed link was estimated to require an investment of approximately $150 million in foreign exchange and an equivalent amount in local currency.[9]

In 1971, OTRACO was restructured and rebranded as the Office National des Transports (ONATRA).[10][2][5] In 1973, ONATRA transported a record high of 410,871 passengers.[11] However, its monopoly was removed in 1977, allowing private entities to enter the market as shipowners. This deregulation led to a decline in passenger traffic, with only 121,779 passengers transported in 1982.[5][12][13] In April 1991, ONATRA was restructured into a conglomerate comprising three components: Holding, OTP (Office de Transport et de Port), and OCN (Office de Chantier Naval).[7] Following a decision by Zaire's transitional government, Holding ONATRA was dissolved, with its groups reformed into a singular ONATRA entity prior to 1991.[7] The Second Congo War further impeded traffic along the Congo River beyond Mbandaka, resulting in a cessation of operations.[5][12][13] Challenges related to port congestion at Matadi in July 2005 were compounded by outdated equipment and the accumulation of over 4,000 containers at the port.[14][15] Anatole Kikwa Mwata Mukambu, the deputy commercial director of ONATRA in Matadi, characterized this congestion as "artificial", indicating that it was not solely attributed to logistical inefficiencies but was also influenced by external factors.[14] Introduction of new machinery and resolutions implemented towards the end of the year ultimately alleviated the port's congestion issues.[14][15]

 
Aerial view of Matadi

In June 2006, the company's Management Committee was suspended by Minister of Transport and Communications, Eva Mwakasa, who alleged that the committee had not addressed their demands, particularly concerning wage increases and housing.[16] However, Minister of Portfolio Célestin Vunabandi Kanyamihigo opposed this suspension, arguing that the appointment or dismissal of a management committee should be determined by a government decision or through consultations between the technical and administrative supervision ministries.[17] The suspension resulted in a significant schism among ONATRA's staff, with two factions emerging: one in favor of the new committee appointed by Mwakasa, accusing the former management of mismanagement and embezzlement, and another opposing the changes.[18] In July 2006, ONATRA encountered a significant upheaval due to a strike instigated by a Presidential Decree, which conferred exclusive authority to the Office des Douanes et Accises (OFIDA) to levy and collect import revenues at Matadi Port.[19] This shift rendered OFIDA the sole intermediary for importers and exporters, assuming the responsibilities of tax and fee collection previously managed by ONATRA and other public entities at the port.[19] Consequently, ONATRA's role was reduced to receiving only retrocessions for its operational expenses.[19] The strike led to a week-long cessation of operations at Matadi Port, resulting in the clearance of approximately three thousand tons of goods and thirty-five vehicles once work resumed.[20]

In August 2006, ONATRA marked a milestone when a vessel docked at its public port in Kisangani for the first time in a decade, arriving from Kinshasa.[21] This event symbolized the traffic revival between the Tshopo Province and Kinshasa, with the ship carrying roughly fifty passengers and 2,000 tons of essential goods.[21] Despite challenges such as inadequate buoyage and dredging, this resumption was deemed critical in rejuvenating regional economic activities, with ONATRA's Management Committee urging economic stakeholders in Tshopo Province and surrounding areas to seize this opportunity to invigorate the local economy.[21] In February 2007, another strike hit Matadi Port, spurred by discontent among workers over the Managing Director's refusal to engage in negotiations concerning demands related to precautionary measures for agent recruitment and the disbursement of "mileage allowances".[22] This industrial action effectively paralyzed port and station activities, with three-quarters of ONATRA's services, including those of OFIDA and OCC (Office Congolais de Contrôle), grinding to a halt, leaving only import and export services operational.[22]

 
 
Terrace view of the Congo River and ONATRA Port in Kinshasa

In November 2007, the provincial governor of Kongo Central officiated a ceremony commemorating the acquisition and commissioning of new equipment at Matadi Port. This procurement, financed through ONATRA's resources, constituted a substantial investment of approximately $14 million.[23] The newly acquired machinery, displayed in front of ONATRA's administrative building at the port, comprised thirty-six Dasson-brand elevators, each with a lifting capacity of up to four tons.[23][24] This procurement was part of the second phase of machinery enhancements, which also included a 45-tonne self-crane and ten additional elevators already operational at the port.[23] The following month, ONATRA and Société Nationale des Chemins de fer du Congo (SNCC) were integrated under unified management pursuant to a governmental reorganization initiative.[25] ONATRA entered into a strategic partnership with the Franco-Spanish firm Progoza, while SNCC collaborated with the Belgian railway operator Vecturis.[25][26][27] This endeavor aimed to modernize both companies through technical assistance contracts, without resorting to privatization. However, this move elicited concerns among employees, particularly at ONATRA, over the absence of consultations and the potential ramifications for job security.[25] Minister of Portfolio Jeanine Mabunda reassured that the Congolese State would retain ownership, emphasizing that the partnerships were solely focused on enhancing management and operational efficiency.[25] During this period, Progosa's managers worked in tandem with Congolese officials to address the company's challenges.[28]

 
SCPT headquarters building (left) in Gombe, Kinshasa

In 2008, the Boyera Shipyard in Mbandaka, ONATRA's second shipyard in the country following N'dolo in Kinshasa, encountered substantial difficulties as its dock had been relocated to Kinshasa earlier that year for boat repairs.[29] In May 2008, a team of Congolese and expatriate leaders proposed by Progosa, including the Managing Director and the Technical Director, was appointed to oversee ONATRA's stabilization.[28] The stabilization initiative targeted ONATRA's critical condition, characterized by an aging workforce, obsolete and malfunctioning equipment, and a financial model that was draining state resources without contributing effectively.[28] Progosa's mandate was to restructure ONATRA over the ensuing two years. The Comité de Pilotage de la Réforme des Entreprises Publiques (COPIREP) commended Progosa for its expertise and underscored the urgent need for reform.[28] Nevertheless, the ONATRA union expressed concerns about the firm's familiarity with the company and criticized the significant salary disparities between expatriate and Congolese employees, alleging that the contract terms were disproportionately favorable to expatriates.[28] Sylvestre Ilunga Ilunkamba, head of COPIREP, acknowledged the governance issues at ONATRA, emphasizing that the objective was not to overhaul the company entirely but to stabilize operations and halt its financial decline.[28] In January 2009, in response to ONATRA's request to accelerate the loading and unloading processes at Matadi, the Flour Mill of Matadi S.A. (Minoterie de Matadi S.A.; Midema), commissioned in 2005, was inaugurated on 14 February 2009, at a total investment of nearly $15 million.[30] This terminal was anticipated to alleviate the load on Matadi Port.[30] ONATRA's employees consistently received one month's salary out of the twenty-three months of arrears after expressing their grievances to the national Ministry of Portfolio, the provincial governor, and ONATRA's financial director in Kinshasa.[31] However, other workers at Matadi Port halted operations, demanding the initiation of a social dialogue with the employer regarding the issue of agent retirement and the adjustment of workers' salaries concerning the real exchange rate of the national currency against foreign currencies.[32]

The alliance between ONATRA and Progosa was dissolved on 7 March 2010.[33][34] Following this, a delegation representing the entirety of the workforce called "union" was formed.[33] The delegation voiced profound dissatisfaction with Progosa's two-year stewardship, citing a financial deficit amounting to eleven million dollars, ostensibly allocated for the procurement of four new locomotives.[35] It was further observed that at the onset of Progosa's mandate, only two locomotives remained operational out of the original fleet of six.[35] In May 2010, a shipment of 10,824 tons of semolina from Japan arrived at Matadi Port, with a portion of this cargo already being transacted at ONATRA's facility in the Matete commune.[36] Within that same month, the company financed the rehabilitation of the fourth quay at the Port of Matadi, a project which reached completion the following year at an estimated expenditure of approximately two million US dollars.[37] A gubernatorial decree from the Governor of Équateur, issued on 13 July 2010, imposed a prohibition on vessels docking at private ports in Mbandaka, mandating that all such vessels must henceforth berth at ONATRA's newly renovated public port in Kinshasa, which had been restored by the Entreprise Générale Malta Forrest (EGMF).[38]

Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports

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In December 2010, ONATRA was reconstituted as a limited liability company and renamed Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports (SCTP). The new corporate statutes were officially ratified on 24 December.[39][40][5] On 7 February 2011, SCTP received an acquisition of 13 new passenger railcars in Kinshasa, a procurement made possible through a collaborative venture between the Congolese government and the Belgian Technical Cooperation.[41] In August 2012, Beach Ngobila in Kinshasa, a critical port for passenger embarkation and disembarkation traversing the Congo River between Kinshasa and Brazzaville, was transferred under SCTP's jurisdiction.[42][43] In that same month, Republic of the Congo enacted a closure of its land and river borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo in observance of the 52nd anniversary of its independence, which significantly exacerbated the prevailing port congestion at Beach Ngobila.[42]

 
 
 
South African Class 33-000, sold to SCTP and numbered 1436

After more than a decade-long hiatus, SCTP heralded in September 2013 the recommencement of urban train services on the Kintambo Central Station line, alongside the ongoing advancement of various railway infrastructure projects.[44] The following year, in May, SCTP procured three new reconditioned locomotives, sourced from South Africa by the Congolese government, to facilitate freight operations between Matadi and Kinshasa.[45] These two locomotives, each with a price tag of $1.3 million, could haul approximately 800 tons, in stark contrast to the outdated SCTP locomotives, which had a capacity of between 350 and 400 tons.[45] That same month, SCTP reported a precipitous decline in revenues from Congo River crossings, which plummeted from 10 to 2 million Congolese francs (approximately 10,840 to 2,168 US dollars) per day since the commencement of the "Mbata ya mikolo" operation—a mass expulsion of approximately 100,000 Congolese nationals from Brazzaville, initiated in April 2014.[46] The residual two million francs were generated solely by fast boat services, as the ferry crossing was predominantly free and almost exclusively one-way, from Brazzaville to Kinshasa.[46] On 19 June, thirty-eight "illegal" taxes within the river and lake sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo were abrogated by an interministerial decree endorsed by nine government officials.[47]

 
Port of SCTP Kisangani

After undergoing rehabilitation since 8 January 2013, initiated by the Minister of Transport and Channels of Communication, Justin Kalumba, and financed by the Congolese Government at a cost of 2.5 million US dollars,[48][49][50] SCTP's ITB Kokolo vessel was unveiled on 7 February 2015 by President Joseph Kabila,[51][52][53] intended for the conveyance of passengers and cargo along the Congo River between Kinshasa and Kisangani, with stopovers in Mbandaka, Lisala, Bumba, and Basoko.[50] The vessel embarked on its maiden voyage on 16 April 2015, departing Kinshasa for Kisangani,[54] with subsequent port calls in Mbandaka on 21 April,[55] before finally docking at SCTP's port in Kisangani on 29 April after a 13-day voyage,[56][57] and later departed the port with approximately 1,200 tons of goods bound for Kinshasa.[58]

As part of executing the Multimodal Transport Project (Projet de Transport Multimodal) in collaboration with the Congolese government and its partners, designed to improve regional access in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to promote economic unification, the SCTP marked the relaunch of Matadi–Kinshasa Railway traffic on 22 August after a seven-year hiatus, with the aim to speed up port goods clearance and enhance the sale of local agricultural products by residents near the railway stations to train passengers.[59][60][61] On 15 June 2016, a new seaport called "Mbengu Matadi", commercially known as Matadi Gateway Terminal (MGT) was inaugurated in Matadi on the far left of the Pont Maréchal (now Matadi Bridge) along the Congo River, featuring a quay finished in heavy concrete, a landing stage, and two multi-storey buildings.[62] The first ship docked at the port during its inauguration.[62]

On 6 December 2020, SCPT's president, Armand Ossasse, issued a statement condemning the redirection of seven ships to private ports, where they docked without oversight and evaded tax payments, urging the government to shut down all unauthorized and clandestine private ports.[63] In the prior month, approximately eighteen ships were redirected to private ports, and later in December, seven more ships were diverted, causing a significant financial loss for the SCPT.[63] He also demanded the settlement of 33 months of overdue salaries and the recovery of a $207 million debt from the Congolese state.[64] However, earlier on 20 August of that year, President Félix Tshisekedi had instructed the Minister of the Interior, the Minister of Justice, and the Minister of Transport to take action and implement the decisions to shut down all illegal ports in Kongo-Central, but no action was taken.[65] The next year in October, ninety-seven out of one hundred and twenty containers of equipment meant for building the Cimenterie de la grande Province Orientale (CIPOR) disappeared from Kinshasa.[66] Only 23 were discovered at the SCPT's port.[66]

On 19 January 2022, the Minister of Transport, Chérubin Okende Senga, and the governor of Kinshasa, Gentiny Ngobila Mbaka, formalized the creation of a new transport company, Métro-Kin, with the signing of its constitutive act in Kinshasa, tasked with the challenge of revitalizing, modernizing, and managing the 300-kilometer-long railway system in Kinshasa under SCTP's oversight.[67] In August 2022, SCTP initiated a refurbishment program for more than 20 boats to serve the Mbandaka, Kisangani, Kasaï, and Sankuru river routes, with the newly restored M/B Luberu ship set to sail from Kinshasa to Mbandaka, accompanied by a passenger barge and three cargo vessels for goods.[68][69]

In August 2023, the company received the claimed $207 million and appealed to the new Management Committee to reinstate river transportation in the country with ten vessels and 20 barges, as well as the recommencement of express and cargo rail services between Kinshasa and Matadi.[70][71] SCTP's newly renovated quay at the Port of Matadi welcomed its inaugural commercial ship in December 2023, loaded with 6,000 tons of goods, which bodes well for the upcoming commercial season.[72]

Network

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The network includes:[6][5]

2022 fire damages on the SCTP headquarters

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On July 25, 2022, a conflagration of "unknown origin" beset a section of the edifice housing the SCTP's principal offices.[5] While the exact cause of the fire remains enigmatic, reports from Ouragan suggest that the inferno erupted at 1:00 a.m.[5] Actualite reported that the fire ravaged the windows and "unrecognizable sections of the imposing building."[73] A contingent of firefighters quelled the flames, while police officers were deployed on the ground to cordon off the disaster scene.[5]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ English: Commercial Company of Transport and Ports
  2. ^ English: Colonial Transport Operations Office
  3. ^ English: Congo Transport Operations Office or the Office of Transport Operations in Congo
  4. ^ English: National Transport Office

References

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  1. ^ Long, William Rodney (1939). Transport Control Abroad: Recent Outstanding Measures, Trends and Developments. Washington, D.C., United States: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 64–65.
  2. ^ a b Foreign Railway News, Volume 14, Issue 45. Washington, D.C., United States: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign & Domestic Commerce. November 1938. p. 2.
  3. ^ McDonald, Gordon C. (1971). Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa). Washington, D.C., United States: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 408.
  4. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, Issues 1106-1113. Reston, Virginia, United States: United States Joint Publications Research Service. 1972. pp. 41–47.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Umande, Jeanric (25 July 2022). "Incendie: une partie du bâtiment abritant le siège social de la SCTP ( ex-Onatra) ravagé par le feu à Kinshasa". Ouragan.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  6. ^ a b Labi, Milor (2016). "Rapport de stage effectué à la société commerciale des transports et des ports (SCTP)" (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: University of Kinshasa. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Labi, Milor (2016). "Rapport de stage effectué à la société commerciale des transports et des ports (sctp)" [Internship report carried out at the commercial transport and ports company (sctp)] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Révérend KIM. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Long, William Rodney (1939). Transport Control Abroad: Recent Outstanding Measures, Trends and Developments. Washington, D.C., United States: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 64–65.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i McDonald, Gordon C. (1971). Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa). Washington, D.C., United States: United States Government Publishing Office. pp. 408–414.
  10. ^ Meta, Sylvie (July 5, 2021). "Grogne à l'ex-Onatra: le ministère du Portefeuille lance les concertations avec le syndicat". www.digitalcongo.net (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  11. ^ Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, Volume 35 (in French). Paris, France: Northwestern University. 1979. p. 2054.
  12. ^ a b Etude de factibilite: ameliorations et extensions portuaires a Matadi et Kinshasa (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: ONATRA. 1977.
  13. ^ a b Etude des opérations du départment des voies fluviales, des chantiers naval et du port de Kinshasa, Vol. 5 (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: ONATRA. 1987.
  14. ^ a b c "Désengorger le port de Matadi" [Relieving congestion in the port of Matadi]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 20 July 2005. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Bas-Congo: évaluation de l'état d'avancement des travaux de sécurisation du port de Matadi" [Bas-Congo: assessment of the progress of work to secure the port of Matadi]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 3 September 2005. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  16. ^ "Kinshasa: le personnel de l'ONATRA salue la suspension du comité de gestion de l'entreprise" [Kinshasa: ONATRA staff welcomes the suspension of the company's management committee]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 3 June 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  17. ^ "ONATRA: le ministre du Portefeuille exige la réhabilitation du Comité de gestion suspendu" [ONATRA: Minister of Portfolio demands rehabilitation of suspended Management Committee]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 5 June 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  18. ^ "ONATRA: vive tension autour d'une cérémonie de remise et reprise" [ONATRA: high tension around a handover ceremony]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 5 June 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  19. ^ a b c "Kinshasa: grève à l'Onatra" [Kinshasa: strike at Onatra]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7 January 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  20. ^ "Bas-Congo: reprise des activités au port de Matadi" [Bas-Congo: resumption of activities at the port of Matadi]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 14 January 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  21. ^ a b c "Transport fluvial: dix ans après, un bateau de l'Onatra arrive à Kisangani" [River transport: ten years later, an Onatra boat arrives in Kisangani]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 27 August 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  22. ^ a b "Matadi: arrêt de travail à l'Onatra" [Matadi: work stoppage at Onatra]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  23. ^ a b c "Matadi: port Onatra, acquisition de 36 nouveaux éleveurs" [Matadi: Onatra port, acquisition of 36 new breeders]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  24. ^ "L'acquisition de nouveaux élévateurs: le port de Matadi fait peau neuve" [Acquisition of new elevators: the port of Matadi gets a facelift]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 19 November 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  25. ^ a b c d "SNCC et Onatra: l'Etat congolais fait appel à des partenaires étrangers" [SNCC and Onatra: the Congolese State calls on foreign partners]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  26. ^ "Restructuration de l'Onatra et de l'Oncc à l'ordre du jour" [Restructuring of ONATRA and ONCC on the agenda]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7 January 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  27. ^ "Onatra: incertitude sur la prolongation du contrat de Progosa" [Onatra: uncertainty over the extension of Progosa's contract]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 5 April 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  28. ^ a b c d e f "Kinshasa: Onatra, le nouveau comité de gestion entre en fonction" [Kinshasa: Onatra, the new management committee takes office]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 29 May 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  29. ^ "Mbandaka: le chantier Naval de l'ONATRA en difficulté" [Mbandaka: ONATRA shipyard in difficulty]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  30. ^ a b "Matadi: Midema construit au port un nouveau terminal céréalier" [Matadi: Midema builds a new grain terminal at the port]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  31. ^ "Kisangani: après 23 mois d'arriérés, l'Onatra paie ses agents le salaire d'un mois" [Kisangani: After 23 months of arrears, Onatra pays its agents one month's salary]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  32. ^ "Onatra: arrêt de travail au port de Matadi" [Onatra: work stoppage at the port of Matadi]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 8 April 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  33. ^ a b "Onatra: les syndicalistes jugent négatifs le deux ans de Progosa" [Onatra: Trade unionists judge the two years of Progosa as negative]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  34. ^ "Progosa - Onatra: divorce consommé" [Progosa - Onatra: divorce consummated]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  35. ^ a b "Onatra: incertitude sur la prolongation du contrat de Progosa" [Onatra: uncertainty over the extension of Progosa's contract]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 5 April 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  36. ^ "Kinshasa: arrivée du second lot de semoule de maïs japonais" [Kinshasa: arrival of the second batch of Japanese corn semolina]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  37. ^ "Le quatrième quai du port international de Matadi bientôt opérationnel" [The fourth quay of the international port of Matadi soon to be operational]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  38. ^ "Mbandaka: les bateaux vont désormais accoster au port de l'Onatra" [Mbandaka: boats will now dock at the port of Onatra]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  39. ^ "Transformation juridique des entreprises publiques, le processus quasiment bouclé" [Legal transformation of public companies, the process almost complete]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 27 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  40. ^ Nsaa-Nsaa, Ernest Izemengia (17 June 2013). "Audit de la gestion des ressources humaines, de la facturation et du recouvrement de la societe commerciale des transports et des ports (SCTP)" (PDF). Courdescomptes.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  41. ^ "Ex-Onatra: 13 nouvelles voitures du train interurbain à Kinshasa" [Ex-Onatra: 13 new intercity train cars in Kinshasa]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  42. ^ a b "RDC: la frontière fluviale entre Kinshasa et Brazzaville est fermée" [DRC: the river border between Kinshasa and Brazzaville is closed]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  43. ^ "Kinshasa: les voyageurs se plaignent du désordre au port de l'Onatra" [Kinshasa: Travelers complain about disorder at the port of Onatra]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  44. ^ "Kinshasa: l'ex-Onatra annonce la reprise du train urbain sur la ligne Kintambo /Gare centrale à la fin de l'année" [Kinshasa: Former Onatra announces the resumption of urban train on the Kintambo/Central Station line at the end of the year]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  45. ^ a b "Echos d'économie du mardi 20 mai" [Economic Echoes of Tuesday May 20]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  46. ^ a b "SCTP: les recettes de la traversée du fleuve Congo ont diminué de 80%" [SCTP: Revenue from Congo River crossings has decreased by 80%]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  47. ^ "RDC: suppression de 38 taxes illégales dans le secteur fluvial" [DRC: 38 illegal taxes in the river sector eliminated]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  48. ^ "Kinshasa: le Gouvernement lance la réhabilitation du bateau Kokolo" [Kinshasa: Government launches rehabilitation of Kokolo boat]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 9 January 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  49. ^ "RDC: le gouvernement annonce la remise en ligne du bateau Kokolo avant avril 2014" [DRC: Government announces the return of the Kokolo boat to service before April 2014]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  50. ^ a b "RDC: le navire ITB Kokolo bientôt prêt pour son premier test de navigation" [DRC: ITB Kokolo ship soon ready for its first navigation test]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  51. ^ "Kinshasa: l'ITB Kokolo-Renové, un hôtel de luxe flottant, selon la SCTP" [Kinshasa: ITB Kokolo-Renové, a floating luxury hotel, according to the SCTP]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  52. ^ "Tito Umba annonce le départ du premier convoi de l'ITB Kokolo" [Tito Umba announces the departure of the first convoy of the ITB Kokolo]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  53. ^ "Kisangani se prépare à accueillir le navire ITB Kokolo rénové" [Kisangani prepares to welcome the renovated ITB Kokolo vessel]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  54. ^ "Premier voyage de l'ITB Kokolo: 580 USD en classe de luxe" [ITB Kokolo First Trip: $580 in Luxury Class]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  55. ^ "Le bateau ITB Kokolo est arrivé à Mbandaka" [The ITB Kokolo boat has arrived in Mbandaka]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  56. ^ "Province Orientale: le bateau ITB Kokolo est arrivé à Kisangani" [Orientale Province: the ITB Kokolo boat has arrived in Kisangani]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  57. ^ "Echos d'économie du 29 avril 2015" [Economic Echoes of April 29, 2015]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  58. ^ "Echos d'économie du 19 mai 2015" [Economic Echoes of May 19, 2015]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  59. ^ "Comment jugez-vous les initiatives du gouvernement pour améliorer le transport des personnes et des biens?" [How do you judge the government's initiatives to improve the transport of people and goods?]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  60. ^ "Faut-il organiser un dialogue avant les élections ?" [Should a dialogue be organised before the elections?]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  61. ^ "La reprise du train Kinshasa-Matadi augure des perspectives économiques" [The resumption of the Kinshasa-Matadi train augurs well for economic prospects]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  62. ^ a b "Kongo-Central: un nouveau port privé construit à Matadi" [Kongo-Central: a new private port built in Matadi]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  63. ^ a b "RDC: l'intersyndical de la SCPT dénonce la déviation des navires vers les ports privés au Kongo-Central" [DRC: SCPT inter-union denounces diversion of ships to private ports in Kongo-Central]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  64. ^ "Ex-ONATRA : la ministre du Portefeuille convoque des concertations pour éviter la grève sèche" [Ex-ONATRA: Minister of the Portfolio calls for consultations to avoid dry strike]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  65. ^ "RDC: l'intersyndical de la SCPT salue la mesure visant la "fermeture des ports privés illégaux"" [DRC: SCPT inter-union welcomes measure aimed at "closing illegal private ports"]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  66. ^ a b "Kinshasa: 97 containers d'équipements de la cimenterie de la Province Orientale portés disparus" [Kinshasa: 97 containers of equipment from the Eastern Province cement plant reported missing]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  67. ^ "RDC: "Métro-Kin", une nouvelle entreprise de transport pour gérer le chemin de fer à Kinshasa" [DRC: "Métro-Kin", a new transport company to manage the railway in Kinshasa]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  68. ^ "Reprise du bateau M/B Luberu entre Kinhasa et Mbandaka" [Resumption of the M/B Luberu boat between Kinhasa and Mbandaka]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  69. ^ "Le bateau M/B Luberu de l'ex-ONATRA a quitté Kinshasa pour Mbandaka" [The M/B Luberu boat of the ex-ONATRA left Kinshasa for Mbandaka]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  70. ^ "RDC: l'Intersyndicale de la SCTP appelle à la relance du trafic fluvial et ferroviaire" [DRC: SCTP Intersyndicale calls for the revival of river and rail traffic]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 13 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  71. ^ "EcoNews: "Tshisekedi offre une retraite honorable aux milliers d'agents de l'ex-ONATRA"" [EcoNews: "Tshisekedi offers an honorable retirement to thousands of ex-ONATRA agents"]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 November 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  72. ^ "Matadi: le quai rénové de l'ONATRA accueille son premier bateau commercial" [Matadi: ONATRA's renovated quay welcomes its first commercial boat]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 3 December 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  73. ^ "Kinshasa: le bâtiment abritant le siège de la SCTP (ex-ONATRA) ravagé par un incendie" [Kinshasa: the building housing the headquarters of SCTP (ex-ONATRA) ravaged by fire]. Actualite.cd (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
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