An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics.[1] Tables of this general type are also available for NSAIDs, benzodiazepines, depressants, stimulants, anticholinergics and others.
Format
editEquianalgesic tables are available in different formats, such as pocket-sized cards for ease of reference.[1] A frequently-seen format has the drug names in the left column, the route of administration in the center columns and any notes in the right column.[2][3]
Purpose
editThere are several reasons for switching a patient to a different pain medication. These include practical considerations such as lower cost or unavailability of a drug at the patient's preferred pharmacy, or medical reasons such as lack of effectiveness of the current drug or to minimize adverse effects. Some patients request to be switched to a different narcotic due to stigma associated with a particular drug (e.g. a patient refusing methadone due to its association with opioid addiction treatment).[4] Equianalgesic charts are also used when calculating an equivalent dosage of the same drug, but with a different route of administration.[citation needed]
Precautions
editAn equianalgesic chart can be a useful tool, but the user must take care to correct for all relevant variables such as route of administration, cross tolerance, half-life and the bioavailability of a drug.[5] For example, the narcotic levorphanol is 4–8 times stronger than morphine, but also has a much longer half-life. Simply switching the patient from 40 mg of morphine to 10 mg of levorphanol would be dangerous due to dose accumulation, and hence frequency of administration should also be taken into account.
There are other concerns about equianalgesic charts. Many charts derive their data from studies conducted on opioid-naive patients. Patients with chronic (rather than acute) pain may respond to analgesia differently. Repeated administration of a medication is also different from single dosing, as many drugs have active metabolites that can build up in the body.[6] Patient variables such as sex, age, and organ function may also influence the effect of the drug on the system. These variables are rarely included in equianalgesic charts.[7][3][8]
Opioid equivalency table
editThis section appears to contradict the equianalgesic table in the article on oxycodone. (September 2023) |
Opioids are a class of compounds that elicit analgesic (pain killing) effects in humans and animals by binding to the μ-opioid receptor within the central nervous system. The following table lists opioid and non-opioid analgesic drugs and their relative potencies. Values for the potencies represent opioids taken orally unless another route of administration is provided. As such, their bioavailabilities differ, and they may be more potent when taken intravenously.[citation needed]
Nonlinearities
editThis chart measures pain relief versus mass of medication. Not all medications have a fixed relationship on this scale. Methadone is different from most opioids because its potency can vary depending on how long it is taken. Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days ) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine. Similarly, the effect of tramadol increases after consecutive dosing due to the accumulation of its active metabolite and an increase of the oral bioavailability in chronic use.[citation needed]
| Analgesic | Strength (relative) |
Equivalent dose (10 mg oral morphine)[b] |
Bioavailability | Half-life of active metabolites (hours) |
Oral-to-parenteral ratio | Speed of onset | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paracetamol (non-opioid) | 1⁄360 | 3600 mg | 63–89% | 1–4 | 37 min (PO); 8 min (IV) | 5–6 hours | ||
| Aspirin (NSAID, non-opioid) | 1⁄360 | 3600 mg | 80–100% | 3.1–9 | ||||
| Ibuprofen[10] (NSAID, non-opioid) | 1⁄222 | 2220 mg | 87–100% | 1.3–3 | ||||
| Diflunisal (NSAID, non-opioid) | 1⁄160 | 1600 mg | 80–90% | 8–12 | ||||
| Naproxen[10] (NSAID, non-opioid) | 1⁄138 | 1380 mg | 95% | 12–24 | ||||
| Piroxicam (NSAID non-opioid) | 1⁄120 (est.) | |||||||
| Indomethacin (NSAID non-opioid) | 1⁄64 (est.) | |||||||
| Diclofenac[10][11] (NSAID, non-opioid) | 1⁄10 (est.) (same as Codeine) | 100 mg (est.) | 50–60% | 1–4 | ||||
| Ketorolac[12] (NSAID, non-opioid) | 1⁄3 (est.) | 30 mg IV (est.) | 80–100% | 5–7 | ||||
| Nefopam (Centrally-acting non-opioid) | 5⁄8 (est.) | 16 mg IM (est.) | Nefopam: 3–8, Desmethylnefopam 10–15 | |||||
| Dextropropoxyphene[13] | 1⁄13–1⁄20 | 130–200 mg | ||||||
| Codeine | 1⁄10–3⁄20 | 100–120 mg (PO) | ~90% | 2.5–3 (C6G 1.94;[14] morphine 2–3) | 15–30 min (PO) | 4–6 hours | ||
| Tramadol | 1⁄10 | ~100 mg | 75% (IR), 85–90% (ER) | 6.0–8.8[15] (M1) | ||||
| Opium (oral) | 1⁄10 | ~100 mg | ~25% (morphine) | 2.5–3.0 (morphine, codeine) | ||||
| Tilidine | 1⁄10 | 100 mg | ||||||
| Dihydrocodeine | 1⁄5 | 50 mg | 20% | 4 | ||||
| Anileridine[16] | 1⁄4 | 40 mg | ||||||
| Alphaprodine | 1⁄4–1⁄6 | 40–60 mg | ||||||
| Tapentadol[17] | 3⁄10 | 32 mg | 32% (fasting) | |||||
| Pethidine (meperidine) | 1⁄3 | 30 mg SC/IV/IM
300 mg (PO) |
50–60% Orally, 100% SC/IV/IM | 3–5 | 5–15 sec if IV, 15–25 min if orally | |||
| Dipipanone[18][19] | 2⁄5 | 25 mg (PO) | 3.2–3.8 hours | ±4 hours | ||||
| Benzylfentanyl | 1⁄2 | |||||||
| AH-7921 | 4⁄5 | |||||||
| Hydrocodone | 1 | 10 mg | 70%[20] | 3.8–6 (Instant Release; PO) | 10–30 min (Instant Release; PO) | 4–6 | ||
| Metopon | 1 | 10 mg | ||||||
| Pentazocine lactate (IV)[21] | 1 | 10 mg SC/IV/IM, 150 mg (PO) | ||||||
| SR-17018 | 4⁄5/1 | 10–12 mg | 100% IV (Presumably)
Unknown (researches are still being made) |
5–10 seconds if used IV and 15-25 min Orally (PO) | ||||
| Morphine (oral) | 1 | 10 mg | ~25% | 2–4 | 3:1 | 30 min (PO) | 3–6 hours | |
| Oxycodone (oral)[22] | 1.5 | 6.67 mg | (60–87 / ±75% PO) / 78.2%[23] (IN) / 100%
(IV/IM) or other parental administrations apart from spinal administration |
2–3 hours (Instant Release)(PO); 4.5 hours (Controlled Release)(PO) | 10–30 min (Instant Release)(PO); 1 hour (Controlled Release)(PO) | 3–6 hours (Instant Release)(PO); 10–12 hours (Controlled Release)(PO)[24] | ||
| Spiradoline | 1.5 | |||||||
| Nicomorphine | 2–3 | 3.33–5 mg | 20% | 4 | ||||
| Oxycodone (IV/IM) or other parental administrations apart from spinal administration[25] | 3–4 | 2.5–3.33 mg | (60–87 / ±75% PO) / 78.2%[23] (IN) / 100%
(IV/IM) or other parental administrations apart from spinal administration |
1.5–3 (IV/IM) | 5 min (IV)[25] | 2–4 hours | ||
| Morphine (IV/IM) or other parental administrations apart from spinal administration | 3–4 | 2.5–3.33 mg | 100% | 3–4 | 3:1/4:1 | Instantaneously (from 5 to 15 sec; IV); 5–15 min (IM) | 3–7 hours | |
| Clonitazene | 3 | 3.33 mg | ||||||
| Methadone (acute)[26][27] | 3–4 | 2.5–3.33 mg | 40–90% | 15–60 | 2:1 | |||
| Methadone (chronic)[27] | 2.5–5 | 2–4 mg | 40–90% | 15–60 | 2:1 | |||
| Phenazocine | 4 | ~2.5 mg | ||||||
| Diamorphine (Heroin;
IV/IM) or other parental administrations apart from spinal administration[28] |
4–5 (IV,IM)
2–2.5 (insufflated)[29] |
2–2.5 mg | 100% | <0.6 (morphine prodrug)[30] | Instantaneously (from 5 to 15 sec; IV); 2 to 5 min (IM) | 3 to 7 hours | ||
| Dezocine | 4–6 | 1.6–2.5 mg | 97% (IM) | 2.2 | ||||
| 6-MAM[31] | 6–7 | 1.25–1.6 | 100% (IV,IM) | <0.6 (morphine prodrug)[30] | presumably 2:1 | Instantaneously (from 5 to 15 sec; IV); 2 to 5 min (IM) | 3 to 7 hours | |
| Hydromorphone[32][33][17] | 10 (SC, IV, IM) 3–3.75 (PO) |
0.5–0.75 mg (SC, IV, IM) 2.5 mg (PO) |
Orally: 30–35%, Intranasal: 52–58%, IV/IM: 100%
62% |
2–3 | 5:1 | |||
| Oxymorphone[22] | 10 (SC, IV, IM) 3–4(PO) |
3.33 mg (PO), 0.333 mg (IV,IM & Interlaminar) | PO: 10%
Buccal: 28% Sublingual: 37.5% Intranasal: 43% IV, IM & IT: 100% |
7.25–9.43 | 35 min (PO), Instantaneously (from 5 to 15 sec)(IV) | 6–8 hours orally
2–6 hours parenteral | ||
| U-47700 | 7.5 | 1.5 mg | 1.5–3 | |||||
| Levorphanol[34] | 8 | 1.25 mg | 70% | 11–16 | 1:1 | |||
| Desomorphine (Krokodil) | 8–10 | 1–1.25 mg | ~100% (IV) | 2–3 | Instantaneously (from 5 to 15 sec)(IV); 2–5 min (IM) | 3–4 hours | ||
| N-Phenethylnormorphine | 8–14 | |||||||
| Alfentanyl | 10–25 | 1.5 (90–111 minutes) | Instantaneously (from 5 to 15 sec); 4× more rapid than fentanyl | 0.25 hr (15 min); up to 54 minutes until offset of effects | ||||
| Trefentanil | (10–25) | |||||||
| Brifentanil | (10–25) | |||||||
| Acetylfentanyl | 15 | |||||||
| 7-Hydroxymitragynine | 17 | ~0.6 mg | ||||||
| Furanylfentanyl | 20 | |||||||
| Butyrfentanyl | 25 | |||||||
| Enadoline | 25 | 15 μg (threshold) and 0.160 mg/kg (dissociative effects) | ||||||
| Buprenorphine (SL)[13] | 40 | 0.25 mg | 30% (SL);[35] ~100% (TD); 65% (buccal);[36][37] 48% (INS)[38] | 20–70, mean 37 | 3:1 | 45 min | 12–24 hours | |
| N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon | 60 | 160 μg | ||||||
| Phenomorphan | 60–80 | 0.13–0.16 mg | ||||||
| N-Phenethylnordesomorphine | 85 | |||||||
| Phenaridine | (50–100)− | |||||||
| Fentanyl | 50–100 | 0.1 mg (100 μg) IM/IV | 33% (SL); 92% (TD); 89% (INS); 50% (buc) | 0.04 (IV); 7 (TD) | 5 min (TD/IV) | 30–60 minutes (IV) | ||
| Metonitazene | 100 | 0.1 mg/100 μg | ||||||
| Acrylfentanyl | (50–100 ) | |||||||
| Buprenorphine (Transdermal)[39][40] | 100–115 | 0.1 mg (100 μg) | 30% (SL);[35] ~100% (TD); 65% (buccal);[36][37] 48% (INS)[38] | 3:1 | 45–60 minutes | 12–24 hours | ||
| 14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone | 177 | 77 μg | ||||||
| Etonitazepyne | 180-190 | 55–60 μg | ||||||
| Protonitazepyne | 180-190 | 55–60 μg | ||||||
| Remifentanil | 100–200 | 50–100 μg | 0.05 (3–6 min context-sensitive half-life; 7–18 min elimination half-life) | Instantaneously (from 5 to 15 sec) | 15 minutes; rapid offset of effects necessitates continuous infusion for maintenance of anesthesia | |||
| Protonitazene | 200 | 50 μg | ||||||
| Ocfentanil | 125–250 | 40–80 μg | ||||||
| Ro4-1539 | 240–480 | 20–40 μg | ||||||
| Isotonitazene | 500 | 20 μg | ||||||
| Sufentanil | 500–1,000 | 10–20 μg | 4.4 | |||||
| BDPC | 504 | ~20 μg | ||||||
| C-8813 | 591 | |||||||
| 4-Phenylfentanyl | 800 | |||||||
| Etonitazene | 1000–1500 | 6.6–10 μg | ||||||
| 3-Methylfentanyl | 1000–1500 | |||||||
| N-Desetylisotonitazene | 1000–2000 | 5–10 μg | ||||||
| Etorphine | 1,000–3,000 | 3.3–10 μg | ||||||
| Ohmefentanyl | 6300 | |||||||
| Acetorphine | 8700 | 1.33 μg | ||||||
| Dihydroetorphine[41] | 1,000–12,000 | 0.83–10 μg (20–40 μg SL) | ||||||
| Carfentanil[42] | 10,000 | 1.0 μg | 7.7 | |||||
| 2-Fluorohmefentanil | 18,000 | |||||||
| 4-Carboethoxyohmefentanil | 30,000 | |||||||
| Ohmecarfentanil | (30,000) | |||||||
| R-30490 | (10,000–100,000)− | |||||||
| Lofentanil | (10,000–100,000) | |||||||
| 14-Methoxymetopon (intraspinally)[43] | (1,000,000) | |||||||
| PO: oral • IV: intravenous injection • IM: intramuscular injection • SC: subcutaneous injection • SL: sublingual • TD: transdermal "Strength" is defined as analgesic potency relative to oral morphine. Tolerance, sensitization, cross-tolerance, metabolism, and hyperalgesia may be complex factors in some individuals. Interactions with other drugs, food and drink, and other factors may increase or decrease the effect of certain analgesics and alter their half-life. Because some listed analgesics are prodrugs or have active metabolites, individual variation in liver enzymes (e.g., CYP2D6 enzyme) may result in significantly altered effects. | ||||||||
See also
edit- Oripavine – for more on the comparative strength of oripavine derivatives
References
editExplanatory notes
- ^ Approximate. There is a wide range of values in controlled trials.[9]
- ^ 10 mg oral morphine is equivalent to n mg analgesic drug x, e.g. 10 mg morphine is equivalent to 3600 mg paracetamol or 1.5 mg hydromorphone
Citations
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- ^ Tabla de equivalencia opiáceos
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Dihydroetorphine (DHE) is one of the strongest analgesic opioid alkaloids known; it is 1000 to 12,000 times more potent than morphine. ...
391-404&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6741694#id-name=PMC&rft.issn=1080-563X&rft_id=info:pmid/12481194&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00236.x&rft.aulast=Ohmori&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rft.au=Morimoto, Yasunori&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6741694&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Equianalgesic" class="Z3988">
MOR is the most commonly used opioid analgesic for pain relief, and its oral daily dose (20 to 1000 mg) is relatively high (44). On the other hand, DHE produces rapid analgesic effects at an extremely low dose, 20 ìg sublingually in humans (60, 78). ... - ^ "Carfentanil". DrugBank Version: 3.0. DrugBank.
- ^ King MA, Su W, Nielan CL, Chang AH, Schütz J, Schmidhammer H, Pasternak GW (17 January 2003). "14-Methoxymetopon, a very potent μ-opioid receptor-selective analgesic with an unusual pharmacological profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 459 (2): 205. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02821-2. PMID 12524147. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
Bibliography
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- Anderson R, Saiers JH, Abram S, Schlicht C (May 2001). "Accuracy in Equianalgesic Dosing". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 21 (5): 397–406. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00271-8. PMID 11369161.397-406&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00271-8&rft_id=info:pmid/11369161&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Saiers, Joseph H&rft.au=Abram, Stephen&rft.au=Schlicht, Christian&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0885-3924%2801%2900271-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Equianalgesic" class="Z3988">
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- Shaheen PE, Walsh D, Lasheen W, Davis MP, Lagman RL (September 2009). "Opioid equianalgesic tables: are they all equally dangerous?". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 38 (3): 409–417. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.004. ISSN 1873-6513. PMID 19735901.409-417&rft.date=2009-09&rft.issn=1873-6513&rft_id=info:pmid/19735901&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.004&rft.aulast=Shaheen&rft.aufirst=Philip E.&rft.au=Walsh, Declan&rft.au=Lasheen, Wael&rft.au=Davis, Mellar P.&rft.au=Lagman, Ruth L.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpainsymman.2009.06.004&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Equianalgesic" class="Z3988">
- Websites
- "Opioid Equianalgesic Table". Lecture Notes. Department of Surgery, University of Toronto. November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- Walker P (2001). "Issue 17. Morphine vs Hydromorphone vs Oxycodone vs The Patch". Palliative Care Tips: Info for Health Professionals. Palliative & End of Life Care (PEOLC), Alberta Health Services. Archived from the original on December 24, 2001.
- "Management of Opioid Therapy (OT) for Chronic Pain (2017)" (PDF). VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines. Department of Veterans Affairs. p. 99. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- Online opioid equianalgesia calculator Electronic calculator that includes logic for bidirectional and dose-dependent conversions