Operator Toll Dialing was a telephone call routing and toll-switching system for the Bell System and the independent telephone companies in the United States and Canada that was developed in the 1940s. It automated the switching and billing of long-distance calls.[1] The concept and technology evolved from the General Toll Switching Plan of 1929, and gained technical merits by the cutover of a new type of crossbar switching system (No. 4XB) in Philadelphia to commercial service in August 1943.[2] This was the first system of its kind for automated forwarding of calls between toll switching centers, but it served customers only for regional toll traffic. It established initial experience with automatic toll switching for the design of a nationwide effort that was sometimes referred to as Nationwide Operator Toll Dialing.
By the time of the first promotions of Nationwide Operator Toll Dialing to the general telecommunication industry in 1945, approximately 5% of the 2.7 million toll board calls per day were handled by the early incarnations of this system.[3]
Operator Toll Dialing eliminated the need for intermediate operators to complete toll calls to distant central offices, where it eliminated the inward operators for call completion to the local wire line. This system involved stepwise routing from one toll center to another one logically closer to the destination to set up each circuit.
An essential aspect of the eventual success of the system was the concept of destination code routing, which required a uniform telephone numbering plan for all telephone networks across the continent. By 1947, a newly devised nationwide numbering plan established a geographic partitioning of the continent into numbering plan areas (NPAs), and designated the original North American area codes. An area code is a unique three-digit code serving as a destination routing code to a specific numbering plan area (NPA). This code was the same for all switching systems nationwide, and eliminated the need to publish specific trunk codes for each toll office to various destinations. The translation from NPA code to trunk codes was performed at each toll center without the need for outside operators to know the details. When automatic apparatus was installed for machine translation of the universal area codes to location-specific trunk codes, it freed operators from lookup of trunk codes to send the call one toll office closer to the destination telephone.
Within each NPA, central offices also received unique three-digit codes, so that each central office could be reached by a six-digit dialing prefix (NPA-XXX). Each telephone on the continent was uniquely identified by a telephone number of ten digits.
By the end of 1948, AT&T commenced the wider use of the system with the cutover of new crossbar switching systems for toll-dialing in New York and Chicago,[4] which resulted in the handling of about ten percent of all Bell System long-distance calling by Operator Toll Dialing.[5] Altogether, the toll networks enabled operators to place calls directly to distant telephones in some 300 cities.[5] On average, it took about two minutes for a long-distance call to be completed to its destination. As foreseen and stated in 1949, the target goal for call completion, after full implementation of the system across the nation was one minute.
For entering the destination codes and telephone numbers into newly designed machine-switching equipment, long-distance operators did not use a slow rotary dials, but a ten-button key set, operating at least twice as fast, which transmitted tone pulses (multi-frequency signaling) over regular voice channels to the remote switching centers.[5] Such channels were incapable of transmitting the direct-current pulses of a rotary dial.
Operator Toll Dialing was gradually supplemented and superseded by Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) in the decades following. With DDD, customers themselves dialed an area code followed by a seven-digit telephone number to initiate long-distance calls without operator assistance. Activated first in 1951 for about 10,000 customers in Englewood, NJ, DDD was available in the major cities by the early 1960s, but was not fully implemented until the 1970s.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Mabbs, Ralph I. (Winter 1947–1948). "Nation-wide Operator Toll Dialing—the Coming Way". Bell Telephone Magazine. 26 (4): 181. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Hosford, Howard L. (Winter 1943). "A Dial Switching System for Toll Calls". Bell Telephone Magazine. 22 (4): 229. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Pilliod, J.J; Ryan, H.L. (1945). "Operator Toll Dialing—A New Long Distance Method". Bell Telephone Magazine. 24: 101. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
- ^ Guengerich, E. J. (Winter 1948). "Toll Dialing by Operators Reaches Some 300 Places". Bell Telephone Magazine. 27 (4): 228–237. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
- ^ a b c "Nation-Wide Toll Dialing Makes Its Bow" (PDF). Bell Laboratories Record. 27 (2): 71–72. February 1949. Retrieved October 13, 2022.