Pincer nails are a nail disorder in which the lateral edges of the nail slowly approach one another, compressing the nailbed and underlying dermis. It occurs less often in the fingernails than toenails.[1][2]: 788–9
| Pincer nail | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Omega nails, Trumpet nails, Pincer nail deformity |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
Hereditary pincer nails have been described, although the genes or mutations causing the hereditary form are unknown.[3]
Signs and symptoms
editPincer nail is characterized by an increase in the nail's maximum transverse curvature, pushing the nail edges down into the lateral nail fold. The nail bed at the distal end along the longitudinal axis of the nail plate is also pushed down in a proximal to distal manner. The curvature that rises along the distal sides of the nail can cause individuals pain, persistent inflammation, and recurring infections.[4]
Causes
editThe cause of pincer nails is unknown, although it may be acquired or inherited.[4] There have been several reports of hereditary pincer nails.[5] Acquired pincer nails are asymmetrical in contrast to inherited pincer nails.[4] Pincer nails are linked to a number of systemic conditions, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, renal failure, gastrointestinal cancers, Kawasaki disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus.[6][7]
Diagnosis
editClinical differential diagnoses are necessary due to confusion between pincer and ingrown nails.[8] Pincer nails are recognized by their morphology, while ingrown nails are recognized by their symptoms. The biggest physical distinction between pincer and ingrown nails is that the former have a transverse curve of the long axis of the nail plate that grows from proximal to distal. Additionally, the contour of the nail plate in ingrown nails stays normal as the nail steadily grows in length.[9]
Treatment
editThe goal of treatment is correcting the nail curvature in order to produce a nail that is aesthetically typical.[10] There is no established course of treatment for pincer nails, but treatments can conservative, surgical, and a combination of both. Conservative treatment is associated with recurrence/temporary remission and is a straightforward procedure[how?].[4] Surgical treatment has a decreased rate of recurrence, though when done improperly it can result in pain, an atypical nail appearance, secondary infection, wound necrosis, and sensory disruption.[11]
Epidemiology
editPincer nail has an incidence rate of about 0.9% and usually affects the hallux toenails on the outer, inside, and bilateral sides. Fingernails and other toenails are rarely affected.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1032. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ Mimouni, D.; Ben-Amitai, D. (2002). "Hereditary pincer nail". Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 69 (1): 51–53. PMID 11829181.
- ^ a b c d Huang, Chao; Huang, Rui; Yu, Min; Guo, Wenlai; Zhao, Ying; Li, Rui; Zhu, Zhe (2020-04-15). "Pincer Nail Deformity: Clinical Characteristics, Causes, and Managements". BioMed Research International. 2020. Hindawi Limited: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2020/2939850. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 7180426. PMID 32382542.
- ^ Chapman, R.S. (1973). "OVERCURVATURE OF THE NAILS—AN INHERITED DISORDER". British Journal of Dermatology. 89 (3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 317–318. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb02983.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 4743435.
- ^ Majeski, Candace; Ritchie, Bruce; Giuffre, Martin; Lauzon, Gilles (2005). "Pincer Nail Deformity Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 9 (1). SAGE Publications: 2–5. doi:10.1007/s10227-005-0031-5. ISSN 1203-4754. PMID 16208437.
- ^ Altun, Serdar (2015). "Correction of Pincer Nail Deformity (PND) with dermal flap: A New Technique". Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica. 50 (3). AVES YAYINCILIK A.Ş.: 362–365. doi:10.3944/aott.2015.14.0168. ISSN 1017-995X. PMID 27130395.
- ^ Grover, Chander; Yadav, Sheetal; Gupta, Richa (2023). "An uncommon cause of pincer nail". Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery. 16 (2). Medknow: 159–162. doi:10.4103/jcas.jcas_126_22. ISSN 0974-2077. PMC 10405551. PMID 37554671.
- ^ KOSAKA, MASAAKI; KUSUHARA, HIROHISA; MOCHIZUKI, YUICHI; MORI, HIROMASA; ISOGAI, NORITAKA (2010). "Morphologic Study of Normal, Ingrown, and Pincer Nails". Dermatologic Surgery. 36 (1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 31–38. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01361.x. ISSN 1076-0512. PMID 19889164.
- ^ Kosaka, Masaaki; Kamiishi, Hiroshi (2003). "New Strategy for the Treatment and Assessment of Pincer Nail". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 111 (6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 2014–2019. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000056835.65112.a8. ISSN 0032-1052. PMID 12711965.
- ^ Cho, Young Joo; Lee, Jae Hoon; Shin, Dong Jun; Sim, Woo Young (2015). "Correction of Pincer Nail Deformities Using a Modified Double Z-Plasty". Dermatologic Surgery. 41 (6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 736–740. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000000356. ISSN 1076-0512. PMID 25984904.
- ^ Kim, Kyung-Dal; Sim, Woo-Young (2003). "Surgical Pearl: Nail plate separation and splint fixation?a new noninvasive treatment for pincer nails". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 48 (5). Elsevier BV: 791–792. doi:10.1067/mjd.2003.196. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 12734512.
Further reading
edit- Won, June-Ho; Chun, Ji-Sun; Park, Yong-Hyun; Kim, Seong-Jin; Won, Young-Ho (2018). "Treatment of pincer nail deformity using dental correction principles". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 78 (5). Elsevier BV: 1002–1004. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.014. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 29678375.
- Clark, Edward G.; Burns, Kevin D. (2015). "Pincer nails following arteriovenous fistula creation". Kidney International. 88 (4). Elsevier BV: 918. doi:10.1038/ki.2015.12. ISSN 0085-2538. PMID 26422629.