Omega Nebula

Omega Nebula
Emission nebula
H II region
	VLT Survey Telescope image of the star-forming region Messier 17
Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension	18h 20m 26s
Declination	−16° 10′ 36″
Distance	5,000–6,000 ly
Apparent magnitude (V)	6.0
Apparent dimensions (V)	11 arcmins
Constellation	Sagittarius
Physical characteristics
Radius	11 ly
Designations	M17, Swan Nebula, Sharpless 45, RCW 160, Gum 81
	See also: Lists of nebulae

The Omega Nebula is an H II region in the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in 1745. Charles Messier catalogued it in 1764. It is by some of the richest starfields of the Milky Way, figuring in the northern two-thirds of Sagittarius. This feature is also known as the Swan Nebula, Checkmark Nebula, Lobster Nebula, and the Horseshoe Nebula,^[1]^[2] and catalogued as Messier 17 or M17 or NGC 6618.

Characteristics

The Omega Nebula is between 5,000 and 6,000 light-years from Earth and it spans some 15 light-years in diameter. The cloud of interstellar matter of which this nebula is a part is roughly 40 light-years in diameter and has a mass of 30,000 solar masses.^[3] The total mass of the Omega Nebula is an estimated 800 solar masses.^[4]

It is considered one of the brightest and most massive star-forming regions of our galaxy.^[3] Its local geometry is similar to the Orion Nebula except that it is viewed edge-on rather than face-on.^[5]

The open cluster NGC 6618 lies embedded in the nebulosity and causes the gases of the nebula to shine due to radiation from these hot, young stars; however, the actual number of stars in the nebula is much higher – up to 800, 100 of spectral type earlier than B9, and 9 of spectral type O,^{[citation needed]} plus over a thousand stars in formation on its outer regions.^[3] It is also one of the youngest clusters known, with an age of just 1 million years.^[6]

The luminous blue variable HD 168607, in the south-east part of the nebula, is generally assumed to be associated with it; its close neighbor, the blue hypergiant HD 168625, may be too.

The Swan portion of M17, the Omega Nebula in the Sagittarius nebulosity is said to resemble a barber's pole.^[7]

Early research

The first attempt to accurately draw the nebula (as part of a series of sketches of nebulae) was made by John Herschel in 1833, and published in 1836. He described the nebula as such:^[2]

The figure of this nebula is nearly that of a Greek capital omega, Ω, somewhat distorted, and very unequally bright. ... Messier perceived only the bright eastern branch of the nebula now in question, without any of the attached convolutions which were first noticed by my father. The chief peculiarities which I have observed in it are – 1. The resolvable knot in the eastern portion of the bright branch, which is, in a considerable degree, insulated from the surrounding nebula; strongly suggesting the idea of an absorption of the nebulous matter; and, 2. The much feebler and smaller knot at the northwestern end of the same branch, where the nebula makes a sudden bend at an acute angle.

A second, more detailed sketch was made during his visit to South Africa in 1837. The nebula was also studied by Johann von Lamont and separately by an undergraduate at Yale College, Mr Mason, starting from around 1836. When Herschel published his 1837 sketch in 1847, he wrote:^[2]

In particular the large horseshoe-shaped arc … is there represented as too much elongated in a vertical direction and as bearing altogether too large a proportion to [the eastern] streak and to the total magnitude of the object. The nebulous diffusion, too, at the [western] end of that arc, forming the [western] angle and base-line of the capital Greek omega (Ω), to which the general figure of the nebula has been likened, is now so little conspicuous as to induce a suspicion that some real change may have taken place in the relative brightness of this portion compared with the rest of the nebula; seeing that a figure of it made on June 25, 1837, expresses no such diffusion, but represents the arc as breaking off before it even attains fully to the group of small stars at the [western] angle of the Omega. … Under these circumstances the arguments for a real change in the nebula might seem to have considerable weight. Nevertheless, they are weakened or destroyed by a contrary testimony entitled to much reliance. Mr. Mason ... expressly states that both the nebulous knots were well seen by himself and his coadjutor Mr. Smith on August 1, 1839, i.e., two years subsequent to the date of my last drawing. Neither Mr. Mason, however, nor any other observer, appears to have had the least suspicion of the existence of the fainter horseshoe arc attached to the [eastern] extremity of Messier's streak. Dr. Lamont has given a figure of this nebula, accompanied by a description. In this figure [our Fig. 4], the nebulous diffusion at the [western] angle and along the [western] base-line of the Omega is represented as very conspicuous; indeed, much more so than I can persuade myself it was his intention it should appear.

Sketches were also made by William Lassell in 1862 using his four-foot telescope at Malta, and by M. Trouvelot from Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Edward Singleton Holden in 1875 using the twenty-six inch Clark refractor at the United States Naval Observatory.^[2]

Observations by SOFIA

Composite image of the Omega Nebula

In January 2020, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) provided new insights into the Omega Nebula. SOFIA's composite image revealed that blue areas (20 microns) near the center indicate gas heated by massive stars, while green areas (37 microns) trace dust warmed by massive stars and newborn stars. Nine previously unseen protostars were discovered primarily in the southern regions. Red areas near the edges represent cold dust detected by the Herschel Space Telescope (70 microns), and the white star field was observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope (3.6 microns). These observations suggest that parts of the nebula formed separately, contributing to its distinctive swan-like shape.^[8]

Gallery

Omega Nebula (left), Eagle Nebula (center), and Sharpless 2-54 (right)^[9]
Gas and dust clouds measure about 15 light-years across.
Section of the nebula
Composite images obtained with the 3.58-metre NTT at La Silla Observatory
A drawing of the nebula by John Herschel in 1833
Herschel's second drawing in 1837
A sketch by Trouvelot in 1875
This video gives us a close-up view of the rose-coloured star forming region Messier 17.