Official Women's Squash World Ranking

The Official Women's Squash World Ranking is the official world ranking for women's squash. The WISPA, the WSA and the PSA has used a computerized system for determining the rankings since April 1984. The ranking is to rate the performance level of female professional squash players. It is also a merit-based method used for determining entry and seeding in women's squash tournaments. The rankings were initially produced monthly; this has been changed to weekly basis effective ranking issue dated August 29, 2022.^[1]

The current world number one is Nour El Sherbini of Egypt, who replaced Nouran Gohar in September 2023.

PSA ranking policy

Players competing in PSA tournaments earn ranking points according to how far they get in the draw. The points available depend on the prize money and the draw size. The weekly rankings (issued on each Monday) are used in selecting entries to tournaments and in determining the seeds.

Ranking points for each players are made up of a cumulative total consisting of the top 9 tournament results. For instance, if a player has played in 14 events over the course of the period eligible for rankings points, only their best 9 results (in terms of points earned) will count towards their ranking.^[2]

Players competing in PSA World Tour Events earn ranking points according to the prize money, classification of the event, and the final position in the draw the player reaches.

PSA World Tour			Ranking Points
Rank	Prize Money US$	Ranking Points	Winner	Runner up	3/4	5/8	9/16	17/32	33/48
Platinum	$164,500–$180,500	19180 points	2750	1810	1100	675	410	250	153
Gold	$100,000–$120,500	9380 points	1750	1150	700	430	260	160
Silver	$70,000–$88,000	6570 points	1225	805	490	300	182.5	112.5
Bronze	$51,000–$53,000	4690 points	875	575	350	215	130	80
PSA World Tour Finals			Ranking Points
Rank	Prize Money US$	Ranking Points	Winner	Runner up	3/4	Round-Robin Match Win	Undefeated bonus
World Tour Finals	$165,000		1000	550	200	150	150
PSA Challenger Tour			Ranking Points
Rank	Prize Money US$	Ranking Points	Winner	Runner up	3/4	5/8	9/16	17/32	33/48
Challenger 30	$30,000	2814 points	525	345	210	130	78	47.5
Challenger 20	$20,000	1860 points	350	230	140	85	51	31.5
Challenger 15	$15,000	1343 points	250	162.5	100	62.5	37.5	22.5
Challenger 12	$12,000	1074 points	200	130	80	50	30	18
Challenger 9	$9,000	806 points	150	97.5	60	37.5	22.5	13.5
Challenger 6	$6,000	537 points	100	65	40	25	15	9
Challenger 3	$3,000	331 points	65	40	25	15	9	6
PSA World Championships			Ranking Points
Rank	Prize Money US$	Ranking Points	Winner	Runner up	3/4	5/8	9/16	17/32	33/64
PSA World Championships	$300,000	25045 points	3175	2090	1270	780	475	290	177.5

Current world ranking

PSA Women's World Rankings, of the 8th of November 2024^[3]
Rank	Player	Average	Move^†
1	Nour El Sherbini (EGY)	2,325
2	Nouran Gohar (EGY)	2,254
3	Hania El Hammamy (EGY)	1,338
4	Olivia Weaver (USA)	1,040
5	Nele Coll (BEL)	840
6	Tinne Gilis (BEL)	837
7	Georgina Kennedy (ENG)	765
8	Rowan Elaraby (EGY)	705
9	Sivasangari Subramaniam (MYS)	617
10	Amina Orfi (EGY)	573

Note: The weekly ranking for the women's squash (world ranking) is taken directly from the Professional Squash Association (PSA) official website.^[4]

World number 1 since 1983

Number one ranked players

The following is a list of players who have achieved the world number one position since April 1983 (active players in green) :

#	Player	Date reached	Total months	Total weeks	Total days
1	Vicki Cardwell	April 1983	12		366
2	Susan Devoy	April 1984	105		3195
3	Lisa Opie	March 1988	2		61
4	Michelle Martin	March 1993	58		1767
5	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	November 1996	40		1216
6	Cassie Jackman	January 2000	16		487
7	Leilani Rorani	November 2000	11		334
8	Carol Owens	November 2002	11		307
9	Natalie Grainger	June 2003	1		30
10	Rachael Grinham	August 2004	16		487
11	Vanessa Atkinson	December 2005	5		153
12	Nicol David	January 2006	112		3408
13	Raneem El Weleily	September 2015	23		669
14	Laura Massaro	January 2016	4		122
15	Nour El Sherbini	May 2016	48	41	1747
16	Nouran Gohar	July 2020	9	51	616

Last update: 19th of May 2024

Monthly world number 1 since 1983

2021–2024

Month	2021	2022	2023	2024
January	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nour El Sherbini
February	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nour El Sherbini
March	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nour El Sherbini
April	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nouran Gohar	Nour El Sherbini
May	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	N Gohar then N El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini
June	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	N El Sherbini then N Gohar
July	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nouran Gohar
August	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nouran Gohar
September	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nour El Sherbini
October	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nour El Sherbini
November	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nour El Sherbini
December	Nour El Sherbini	Nouran Gohar	Nour El Sherbini

2017–2020

Month	2017	2018	2019	2020
January	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Raneem El Weleily
February	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Raneem El Weleily
March	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Raneem El Weleily
April	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Raneem El Weleily
May	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Raneem El Weleily
June	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Raneem El Weleily
July	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Nouran Gohar
August	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Nouran Gohar
September	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Nouran Gohar
October	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Nouran Gohar
November	Nour El Sherbini	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Nour El Sherbini
December	Nour El Sherbini	Raneem El Weleily	Raneem El Weleily	Nour El Sherbini

2013–2016

Month	2013	2014	2015	2016
January	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Laura Massaro
February	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Laura Massaro
March	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Laura Massaro
April	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Laura Massaro
May	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nour El Sherbini
June	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nour El Sherbini
July	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nour El Sherbini
August	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nour El Sherbini
September	Nicol David	Nicol David	Raneem El Weleily	Nour El Sherbini
October	Nicol David	Nicol David	Raneem El Weleily	Nour El Sherbini
November	Nicol David	Nicol David	Raneem El Weleily	Nour El Sherbini
December	Nicol David	Nicol David	Raneem El Weleily	Nour El Sherbini

2009–2012

Month	2009	2010	2011	2012
January	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
February	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
March	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
April	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
May	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
June	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
July	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
August	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
September	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
October	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
November	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
December	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David

2005–2008

Month	2005	2006	2007	2008
January	Rachael Grinham	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
February	Rachael Grinham	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
March	Rachael Grinham	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
April	Rachael Grinham	Vanessa Atkinson	Nicol David	Nicol David
May	Rachael Grinham	Vanessa Atkinson	Nicol David	Nicol David
June	Rachael Grinham	Vanessa Atkinson	Nicol David	Nicol David
July	Rachael Grinham	Vanessa Atkinson	Nicol David	Nicol David
August	Rachael Grinham	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
September	Rachael Grinham	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
October	Rachael Grinham	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
November	Rachael Grinham	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David
December	Vanessa Atkinson	Nicol David	Nicol David	Nicol David

2001–2004

Month	2001	2002	2003	2004
January	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens
February	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Cassie Jackman
March	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Cassie Jackman
April	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Cassie Jackman
May	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Cassie Jackman
June	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Natalie Grainger	Cassie Jackman
July	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Cassie Jackman
August	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Rachael Grinham
September	Leilani Rorani	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Rachael Grinham
October	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Rachael Grinham
November	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Carol Owens	Rachael Grinham
December	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Rachael Grinham

1997–2000

Month	1997	1998	1999	2000
January	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Michelle Martin	Cassie Jackman
March	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Michelle Martin	Cassie Jackman
May	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Michelle Martin	Cassie Jackman
July	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Michelle Martin	Cassie Jackman
September	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Michelle Martin	Cassie Jackman
November	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Leilani Rorani

1993–1996

Month	1993	1994	1995	1996
January	Susan Devoy	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin
March	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin
May	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin
July	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin
September	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin
November	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Sarah Fitz-Gerald

1989–1992

Month	1989	1990	1991	1992
January	Susan Devoy	Susan Devoy	Susan Devoy	Susan Devoy
April
July
October

1986–1988

Month	1986	1987	1988
January	Susan Devoy	Susan Devoy	Susan Devoy
March			Lisa Opie
May			Susan Devoy
July
September
November

1983–1985

Month	1983	1984	1985
January		Vicki Cardwell	Susan Devoy
April	Vicki Cardwell	Susan Devoy
July
October

Year-end top 10

2021-2023

Rank	2021		2022
1	Nour El Sherbini	1963	Nouran Gohar	2252
2	Nouran Gohar	1739	Nour El Sherbini	1792
3	Amanda Sobhy	1153	Hania El Hammamy	1784
4	Hania El Hammamy	1112	Joelle King	1169
5	Sarah-Jane Perry	887	Amanda Sobhy	1011
6	Camille Serme	709	Nour El Tayeb	963
7	Joelle King	700	Rowan Elaraby	707
8	Salma Hany	657	Sarah-Jane Perry	679
9	Nour El Tayeb	506	Nele Gilis	583
10	Rowan Elaraby	479	Olivia Fiechter	555

2018-2020

Rank	2018		2019		2020
1	Raneem El Weleily	1903	Raneem El Weleily	1891	Nour El Sherbini	1716
2	Nour El Sherbini	1703	Nour El Sherbini	1433	Nouran Gohar	1591
3	Nour El Tayeb	1166	Nouran Gohar	1359	Nour El Tayeb	1304
4	Joelle King	914	Nour El Tayeb	1317	Camille Serme	1236
5	Camille Serme	871	Camille Serme	1134	Hania El Hammamy	1037
6	Sarah-Jane Perry	775	Joelle King	755	Sarah-Jane Perry	806
7	Nouran Gohar	658	Amanda Sobhy	632	Amanda Sobhy	750
8	Laura Massaro	623	Sarah-Jane Perry	612	Joelle King	737
9	Tesni Evans	494	Tesni Evans	555	Tesni Evans	482
10	Alison Waters	472	Hania El Hammamy	524	Salma Hany	449

2015-2017

Rank	2015		2016		2017
1	Raneem El Weleily	2831.765	Nour El Sherbini	1833	Nour El Sherbini	1576
2	Laura Massaro	2553.529	Raneem El Weleily	1204	Raneem El Weleily	1216
3	Nicol David	2396.250	Nouran Gohar	1160	Camille Serme	1059
4	Camille Serme	1784.375	Laura Massaro	1087	Laura Massaro	1049
5	Omneya Abdel Kawy	1462.500	Camille Serme	1028	Nouran Gohar	793
6	Nour El Sherbini	1430.000	Nicol David	1023	Nicol David	738
7	Nour El Tayeb	1340.625	Amanda Sobhy	962	Sarah-Jane Perry	713
8	Alison Waters	1175.625	Omneya Abdel Kawy	608	Nour El Tayeb	656
9	Nouran Gohar	827.059	Alison Waters	503	Joelle King	571
10	Annie Au	815.789	Joelle King	481	Alison Waters	492

2012-2014

Rank	2012		2013		2014
1	Nicol David	2415.625	Nicol David	3499.380	Nicol David	3398.120
2	Raneem El Weleily	1670.000	Laura Massaro	2278.940	Laura Massaro	2088.530
3	Laura Massaro	1430.250	Raneem El Weleily	1656.250	Raneem El Weleily	1984.120
4	Alison Waters	1049.789	Alison Waters	1185.940	Nour El Sherbini	1362.310
5	Joelle King	1043.412	Camille Serme	1071.880	Alison Waters	1248.890
6	Nour El Sherbini	943.281	Joelle King	1040.290	Camille Serme	1084.130
7	Low Wee Wern	865.556	Jenny Duncalf	952.941	Low Wee Wern	1033.160
8	Annie Au	840.222	Low Wee Wern	904.706	Nour El Tayeb	1000.500
9	Madeline Perry	736.105	Natalie Grinham	902.294	Annie Au	857.250
10	Dipika Pallikal	608.912	Madeline Perry	867.579	Omneya Abdel Kawy	788.571

2009-2011

Rank	2009		2010		2011
1	Nicol David	2692.778	Nicol David	3340.000	Nicol David	3279.412
2	Jenny Duncalf	1474.955	Jenny Duncalf	1621.765	Jenny Duncalf	1934.118
3	Natalie Grinham	1469.389	Alison Waters	1480.625	Laura Massaro	1411.765
4	Rachael Grinham	1324.000	Omneya Abdel Kawy	1292.353	Madeline Perry	1409.200
5	Natalie Grainger	1258.125	Rachael Grinham	1166.000	Kasey Brown	1111.667
6	Alison Waters	1256.579	Madeline Perry	1005.800	Rachael Grinham	1078.524
7	Omneya Abdel Kawy	989.238	Kasey Brown	882.381	Raneem El Weleily	1022.789
8	Madeline Perry	949.333	Vanessa Atkinson	790.059	Annie Au	948.952
9	Laura Lengthorn-Massaro	908.025	Laura Massaro	770.211	Natalie Grinham	920.889
10	Vanessa Atkinson	516.211	Camille Serme	769.895	Camille Serme	877.175

2006–2008

Rank	2006		2007		2008
1	Nicol David	3057.188	Nicol David	3057.222	Nicol David	3542.353
2	Rachael Grinham	1650.889	Natalie Grinham	2425.238	Natalie Grinham	1678.824
3	Vanessa Atkinson	1279.375	Rachael Grinham	1874.545	Rachael Grinham	1398.524
4	Natalie Grinham	1208.750	Natalie Grainger	1572.045	Natalie Grainger	1237.941
5	Tania Bailey	1140.882	Tania Bailey	1231.579	Alison Waters	965.722
6	Madeline Perry	844.063	Vicky Botwright	1008.810	Jenny Duncalf	960.444
7	Natalie Grainger	789.906	Jenny Duncalf	877.609	Omneya Abdel Kawy	904.211
8	Vicky Botwright	789.684	Vanessa Atkinson	831.250	Laura Lengthorn-Massaro	847.900
9	Jenny Duncalf	752.222	Omneya Abdel Kawy	817.000	Madeline Perry	761.700
10	Omneya Abdel Kawy	734.421	Shelley Kitchen	742.107	Shelley Kitchen	710.474

Note:
1) Natalie Grinham changed her nationality in 2008.

2003–2005

Rank	2003		2004		2005
1	Carol Owens	1270.938	Rachael Grinham	2039.118	Vanessa Atkinson	2409.000
2	Cassie Jackman	955.026	Cassie Jackman	1783.053	Rachael Grinham	1817.368
3	Rachael Grinham	782.063	Vanessa Atkinson	1530.667	Nicol David	1747.105
4	Natalie Grinham	723.500	Natalie Grainger	1321.353	Natalie Grinham	1356.250
5	Natalie Grainger	699.000	Natalie Grinham	1019.941	Vicky Botwright	1042.833
6	Linda Elriani	675.588	Nicol David	834.789	Linda Elriani	894.000
7	Vanessa Atkinson	653.125	Linda Elriani	752.636	Natalie Grainger	872.353
8	Rebecca Macree	535.658	Fiona Geaves	669.750	Jenny Duncalf	664.450
9	Vicky Botwright	421.737	Omneya Abdel Kawy	607.635	Tania Bailey	646.765
10	Stephanie Brind	358.147	Rebecca Macree	582.409	Omneya Abdel Kawy	604.478

2000–2002

Rank	2000		2001		2002
1	Leilani Rorani	2326.625	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	2611.667	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	2078.750
2	Carol Owens	1681.000	Leilani Rorani	1537.750	Carol Owens	1745.278
3	Linda Elriani	988.111	Carol Owens	1291.563	Natalie Grainger	1389.050
4	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	912.500	Cassie Jackman	913.688	Linda Elriani	972.688
5	Tania Bailey	812.938	Fiona Geaves	853.500	Tania Bailey	908.139
6	Natalie Grainger	804.111	Linda Elriani	843.375	Rachael Grinham	879.667
7	Suzanne Horner	742.500	Stephanie Brind	802.875	Vanessa Atkinson	876.750
8	Cassie Jackman	741.250	Rachael Grinham	693.222	Cassie Jackman	848.750
9	Fiona Geaves	602.438	Suzanne Horner	676.944	Rebecca Macree	592.300
10	Stephanie Brind	566.833	Rebecca Macree	564.861	Fiona Geaves	572.278

1997–1999

Rank	1997	1998		1999
1	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Michelle Martin	1973.000	Leilani Rorani	2326.625
2	Michelle Martin	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	1531.818	Carol Owens	1681.000
3	Cassie Jackman	Cassie Jackman	1128.750	Linda Elriani	988.111
4	Sue Wright	Sue Wright	945.000	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	912.500
5	Carol Owens	Suzanne Horner	696.111	Tania Bailey	812.938
6	Sabine Schoene	Linda Elriani	565.833	Natalie Grainger	804.111
7	Suzanne Horner	Leilani Rorani	560.227	Suzanne Horner	742.500
8	Liz Irving	Carol Owens	544.722	Cassie Jackman	741.250
9	Linda Elriani	Sabine Schoene	539.167	Fiona Geaves	602.438
10	Fiona Geaves	Liz Irving	508.889	Stephanie Brind	566.833

1994–1996

Rank	1994	1995	1996
1	Michelle Martin	Michelle Martin	Sarah Fitz-Gerald
2	Suzanne Horner	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Michelle Martin
3	Cassie Jackman	Liz Irving	Cassie Jackman
4	Liz Irving	Suzanne Horner	Suzanne Horner
5	Sarah Fitz-Gerald	Carol Owens	Sue Wright
6	Carol Owens	Cassie Jackman	Liz Irving
7	Fiona Geaves	Sabine Schoene	Carol Owens
8	Sue Wright	Fiona Geaves	Sabine Schoene
9	Claire Nitch	Jane Martin	Claire Nitch
10	Jane Martin	Claire Nitch	Fiona Geaves

Year-end number 1

Years ended No. 1
Player	Count
Nicol David	9
Susan Devoy	9
Michelle Martin	5
Sarah Fitz-Gerald	4
Nour El Sherbini	4
Raneem El Weleily	3
Vanessa Atkinson	1
Vicki Cardwell	1
Nohar Gohar	1
Rachael Grinham	1
Carol Owens	1
Leilani Rorani	1

1983: Vicki Cardwell
1984: Susan Devoy
1985: Susan Devoy (2)
1986: Susan Devoy (3)
1987: Susan Devoy (4)
1988: Susan Devoy (5)
1989: Susan Devoy (6)
1990: Susan Devoy (7)
1991: Susan Devoy (8)
1992: Susan Devoy (9)
1993: Michelle Martin
1994: Michelle Martin (2)
1995: Michelle Martin (3)
1996: Sarah Fitz-Gerald
1997: Sarah Fitz-Gerald (2)
1998: Michelle Martin (4)
1999: Leilani Rorani
2000: Leilani Rorani (2)
2001: Sarah Fitz-Gerald (3)
2002: Sarah Fitz-Gerald (4)
2003: Carol Owens
2004: Rachael Grinham
2005: Vanessa Atkinson
2006: Nicol David
2007: Nicol David (2)
2008: Nicol David (3)
2009: Nicol David (4)
2010: Nicol David (5)
2011: Nicol David (6)
2012: Nicol David (7)
2013: Nicol David (8)
2014: Nicol David (9)
2015: Raneem El Weleily
2016: Nour El Sherbini
2017: Nour El Sherbini (2)
2018: Raneem El Weleily (2)
2019: Raneem El Weleily (3)
2020: Nour El Sherbini (3)
2021: Nour El Sherbini (4)
2022: Nouran Gohar

Notes and references

^ "PSA World Rankings To Be Published Weekly As Of August 29". August 23, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
^ "How The New PSA World Tour Rankings System Works". September 7, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
^ "Current PSA World Rankings". PSA World Tour, Inc.
^ "PSA WORLD RANKINGS". PSA.

External links

PSA World Rankings website Archived 2018-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
WSA official world rankings website
WISPA World Ranking history

[rankweekly-1] "PSA World Rankings To Be Published Weekly As Of August 29". August 23, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.

[rankwodivisor-2] "How The New PSA World Tour Rankings System Works". September 7, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2023.

[3] "Current PSA World Rankings". PSA World Tour, Inc.

[4] "PSA WORLD RANKINGS". PSA.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]