Nosy Be (Malagasy pronunciation: [nusʲ be]; formerly Nossi-bé and Nosse Be, lit. 'big island') is an island off the northwest coast of Madagascar. Nosy Be is Madagascar's largest and busiest tourist destination. It has an area of 320.02 km2 (123.56 sq mi), and its population was 109,465 according to the provisional results of the 2018 Census.
 | |
  Nosy Be Nosy Be is situated off the west coast of Diana Region in northern Madagascar. | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Mozambique Channel |
| Coordinates | 13°18′54″S 48°16′03″E / 13.31500°S 48.26750°E |
| Area | 320.02 km2 (123.56 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 450 m (1480 ft) |
| Highest point | Mont Lokobe |
| Administration | |
| Region | Diana Region |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 109,465 (2018) |
Nosy Be means "big island" in the Malagasy language. The island was called Assada during the early colonial era of the 17th century. Nosy Be has been given several nicknames over the centuries, including "Nosy Manitra" (the scented island).
History
editThe first human inhabitants of Nosy Be were small bands of Antankarana and Zafinofotsy, before the Sakalava people migrated there and became the most numerous ethnic group on the island. These people were joined later by some Comorians, Indians or Antandroy. Nosy Be made first major appearance in Madagascar's history when King Radama I announced that he intended to conquer the whole west of Madagascar. That plan was eventually achieved in 1837 when the Sakalava Kingdom of Boina came into the possession of Ranavalona I upon the defeat of Queen Tsiomeko's army.[citation needed]
The French colonized the island from 1840, founding an outpost named Hell-Ville (from French Admiral de Hell).[1] The 1848 abolition of slavery in the French colonies resulted in a revolt against the French by the Sakalava people, who were extensively involved in the slave trade.[2] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the island was governed by the French as an internal protectorate within the colony of Madagascar. The outpost became an important trade harbor in the Mozambique channel.[3]
During the nineteenth century, the French settlers developed cash crop agriculture (mainly sugar cane) and recruited indentured laborers from East Africa.[4] Though it was difficult for the French to control the littoral, they founded a plantation colony in Nosy Be, mainly producing sugar and cash crops.[5] The French used both military force and diplomacy to maintain their position in the island, appointing the former ruler of Nosy Be Binao as the gouverneur principal of the island.[6]
During the Russo-Japanese War Nosy Be became a supply station for Russia's Second Pacific Squadron. The main fleet led by Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky reached Nosy Be on January 9, 1905, where it met a smaller detachment led by Admiral Dmitry von Fölkersam that had arrived already on December 28, 1904.[7] The fleet stayed for two months for refurbishing and coaling, leaving on March 17 to meet its fate ten weeks later at the Battle of Tsushima.[8]
In 2013, two French tourists and one local were lynched (beaten and burned by a mob) after rumors that they were responsible for the death of a local boy.[9][10] A Madagascar court gave four men the maximum hard labour for life over the mob lynching.[11]
Geography
edit
Nosy Be is located about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the coast of Madagascar in the Mozambique Channel; several smaller islands are located nearby, including Nosy Komba, Nosy Mitsio, Nosy Sakatia, and Nosy Tanikely. The island's main town is Andoany, commonly known as Hell-Ville.
The volcanic island has an area of about 312 km2 (120 sq mi) - 30 km long, 19 km wide[12] - and its highest peak is Mont Lokobe at 450 m (1,480 ft); the volcano is of Holocene origin but has not erupted in recorded history.[13] There are eleven volcanic crater lakes on the island.
Flora and Fauna
editThe island is known for having one of the world's smallest frogs (Stumpffia pygmaea) and chameleon (Brookesia minima).[14] The Lokobe Reserve is one of Madagascar's five Strict Nature Reserves (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales). Nosy Be is also home to a specific color of panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis).
Nocturnal animals include lemurs (mouse and dwarf), chameleons (e.g. short nosed, and stump tailed), leaf-tailed geckos, frogs, and birds.[15]
Recent studies indicate that adjacent waters around the channel between Nosy Be[16] and Madagascar host a habitat for notable number of Omura's whale, and this has allowed researchers to conduct field studies targeting this rare species for the first time.[17][18]
Coral reefs around Nosy Be are impacted by urbanization, the discharge of the sugar industry, and unregulated tourism.[19]
Climate
editNosy Be has a tropical savanna climate. It is most humid in summer (December, January, February). The Tsaratanana massif partially protects the island from the strong north-east winds affecting the region in August or during tropical depressions. The wet season lasts from October until the beginning of May, followed by a relatively short dry season that lasts through September. As characteristic of its climate however, it still sees moderate amounts of precipitation even during this time. Daytime temperatures remain fairly steady throughout the year, hovering around 30 °C (86 °F), while the nights are slightly cooler during the dry season.
| Climate data for Nosy Be (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.0 (95.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.8 (98.2) |
35.4 (95.7) |
36.0 (96.8) |
34.2 (93.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.4 (93.9) |
36.3 (97.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.7 (85.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.2 (88.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.7 (81.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.9 (75.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 392.9 (15.47) |
334.3 (13.16) |
280.9 (11.06) |
106.2 (4.18) |
34.8 (1.37) |
29.3 (1.15) |
21.2 (0.83) |
26.7 (1.05) |
35.0 (1.38) |
29.8 (1.17) |
135.0 (5.31) |
302.1 (11.89) |
1,728.2 (68.04) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 19.5 | 17.3 | 16.5 | 9.3 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 9.8 | 15.8 | 112.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 187.0 | 171.2 | 224.0 | 245.0 | 271.3 | 248.9 | 263.7 | 284.9 | 277.6 | 281.1 | 249.1 | 219.7 | 2,923.5 |
| Source: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[20][21] | |||||||||||||
Administration
editThe island constitutes a department within Diana Region and is organized as the City of Nosy Be (Commune Urbaine de Nosy Be). Its mayor is Mr. Vita Zarga.
Economy
editOnce a major location of plantation of sugar cane and production of its derived products (sugar, rum), the island's main activities are now the plantation of ylang-ylang[22] (for the production of essential oils) and tourism. Nosy Be is the most developed tourism destination in Madagascar. This is the only place in Madagascar where all-inclusive large resorts can be found. There are no traffic lights on the island, instead roundabouts are used.
Transportation
editThe island is served by Fascene Airport. The airport is serviced by commercial flights with Air Madagascar, Air Austral, Airlink, Ewa, Ethiopian Airlines, and has direct flights from Europe on Neos. Its main city and harbour, Hell-Ville, can be reached by boat from Ankify. On the island, travel via Tuk-Tuk, scooters, and boats are common along side cars.
Education
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2015) |
French international schools:
- École primaire française Lamartine[23]
Local public schools:
- EPP Andavakotoko
- EPP Galliéni
- EPP boulevard Manceaut (?)
- CEG Ambalakatakata
- Lycée mixte of Nosy Be
Twin towns—sister cities
editNosy Be is twinned with:
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sanchez SF (2008). "Commerce régional et à longue distance dans l'ouest de Madagascar au XIXème siècle". Tsingy: Revue de l'association des professeurs d'histoire et de géographie de Madagascar (9): 44-56.
- ^ « Sanchez S. F., Un mouvement antiabolitionniste et anticolonial : La révolte sakalava de 1849 dans le Nord-Ouest de Madagascar », in Ballarin M.-P., Derat M.-L., Médard H., Vernet T. (dir.), Traite et esclavage en Afrique Orientale et dans l'Océan Indien, Paris, Karthala, 2013, p.413-439
- ^ Sanchez, Samuel (2 January 2017). "Complex Strands: Changing Textile Trades in Western Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel in the Nineteenth Century, Evidence from Nosy Be Island". Textile History. 48 (1): 85–100. doi:10.1080/00404969.2017.1294817. S2CID 165135935.
- ^ Rajaonah F. & Sanchez S. F., "De l'engagisme au salariat dans le Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien. La colonie de plantation de Nosy Be, Madagascar (1840–1960)", in Guerassimoff E. & Mande I. (dir.), Le travail colonial. Engagés et autres travailleurs migrants dans les empires 1850-1950 , Paris, Riveneuve, 2016, p.245-282
- ^ « Sanchez S. F., "Persuasion, escarmouches, prises d'otages. L'exercice du pouvoir dans la colonie française de Nosy Be, Nord-Ouest de Madagascar (1839–1896)", in Chanson-Jabeur Ch., Morlat P., Forest A., Colonisations et Répressions, Paris, Les Indes Savantes, 2015, p.413-439
- ^ Allen, Philip M.; Covell, Maureen (2005). Historical dictionary of Madagascar (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4636-4.
- ^ Pierre Van de Boogaerde (2009). Shipwrecks of Madagascar. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-60693-494-4.
- ^ Alistair Horne (2015). Hubris. The Tragedy of War in the Twentieth Century. HarperCollins. p. 74ff. ISBN 978-0-06-239780-5.
- ^ "A Madagascar, la folle rumeur qui a mené trois hommes sur le bûcher". Le Monde.fr. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ^ "Triple lynchage de Madagascar : coopération judiciaire difficile entre Paris et Antananarivo" (in French). 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
- ^ "Four sentenced to hard labour for life over Madagascar mob lynching". France 24. 2015-10-09. Retrieved 2024-10-29.
- ^ Lowry, Linda L. (2016-09-01). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and Tourism. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-6896-2.
- ^ "Nosy-Be". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ Tim Flannery and Peter Schouten, Astonishing Animals: Extraordinary Creatures and the Fantastic Worlds They Inhabit. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004. Page 126-127.
- ^ Garbutt, Nick; Bradt, Hilary; Schuurman, Derek (2008). Madagascar Wildlife. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-245-3.
- ^ Sakalav Diving (2012). "petit rorqual minke whale.avi". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
- ^ Jefferson, Thomas, Marc A. Webber, and Robert L. Pitman (2015). Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. London: Academic.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cerchio S.; Andrianantenaina B.; Lindsay A.; Rekdahl M.; Andrianarivelo N.; Rasoloarijao T. (2015). "Omura's whales (Balaenoptera omurai) off northwest Madagascar: ecology, behaviour and conservation needs". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (10): 150301. Bibcode:2015RSOS....240301C. doi:10.1098/rsos.150301. PMC 4632516. PMID 26587244.
- ^ McClanahan, T. R.; Sheppard, C. R. C.; Obura, D. O. (2000-10-12). Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-512596-2.
- ^ "Nosybe Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ "Nosy Be/Fascene Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
- ^ "Jacarandas cultivates Madagascar scents: from ylang-ylang to pink peppercorn". Premium Beauty News. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
- ^ "École primaire française Lamartine." AEFE. Retrieved on May 7, 2015.
- ^ Vacca, Maria Luisa. "Comune di Napoli -Gemellaggi" [Naples - Twin Towns]. Comune di Napoli (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
External links
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