2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE, Noladin ether) is a putative endocannabinoid discovered by Lumír Hanuš and colleagues at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. It is an ether formed from the alcohol analog of arachidonic acid and glycerol. Its isolation from porcine brain and its structural elucidation and synthesis were described in 2001.[1]
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
2-O-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-Icosa-5,8,11,14-tetrae-1-yl]glycerol
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| Systematic IUPAC name
2-{[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-Icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraen-1-yl]oxy}propane-1,3-diol | |
| Other names
2-AGE, 2-arachidonylglyceryl ether, Noladin ether, Noladin
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C23H40O3 | |
| Molar mass | 364.56 g/mol |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Discovery
editLumír Hanuš, Saleh Abu-Lafi, Ester Fride, Aviva Breuer, Zvi Vogel, Deborah E. Shalev, Irina Kustanovich, and Raphael Mechoulam found the endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in 2000. The discovery was 100 gram of porcine brain, (approximately a single brain) was added to a mixture of 200 mL of chloroform and 200 mL of methanol and mixed in a laboratory blender for 2 minutes. 100 mL of Water was then added, and the mixing process continued for another minute. After this, the mixture was filtered. Two layers then formed and the layer of water-methanol was separated and evaporated when pressure was reduced. Synaptosomal membranes were prepared from 250g of the brains of Sabra male rats. A Hewlett Packard G 1800B GCD system that has a HP-5971 GC with electron ionization detector was used.[1]
Production
editThe production of the endocannabinoid is enhanced in normal, but not in endothelium-denuded rat aorta on reacting with carbachol, a parasympathomimetic drug. It potently reduces blood pressure in rats and may represent an endothelium-derived hypotension factor.[1]
2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether's structure can be determined by mass spectrometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. It was confirmed by comparison with a synthetic sample of the endocannabinoid. It binds to the Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Ki = 21.2 ± 0.5 nM), which causes sedation, hypothermia, intestinal immobility, and mild antinociception in mice.[1] The endocannabinoid exhibits Ki values of 21.2 nM and >3 μM at the Cannabinoid receptor type 1 and the peripheral cannabinoid receptors.[2]
The presence of 2-AGE in body tissue is disputed. Although a research group from Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan could not detect it in the brains of mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs or pigs,[3] two other research groups successfully detected it in animal tissues.[4][5]
Pharmacology
edit2-AGE binds with a Ki of 21 nM to the CB1 receptor[1] and 480 nM to the CB2 receptor.[6] It shows agonistic behaviour on both receptors and is a partial agonist for the TRPV1 channel.[7] After binding to CB2 receptors it inhibits adenylate cyclase and stimulates ERK-MAPK and regulates calcium transients.[8] In comparison to 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, noladin is metabolically more stable resulting in a longer half-life.[9] It lowers Intraocular pressure,[9] increases the uptake of GABA in the globus pallidus of rats[10] and is neuroprotective by binding to and activation of PPARα.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Hanus, L.; Abu-Lafi, S.; Fride, E.; Breuer, A.; Vogel, Z.; Shalev, D.; Kustanovich, I.; Mechoulam, R. (2001). "2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (7): 3662–3665. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.3662H. doi:10.1073/pnas.061029898. PMC 31108. PMID 11259648.
- ^ "2-Arachidonyl Glycerol ether · Noladin; 2-AG ether (CAS 222723-55-9) || Cayman Chemical". Cayman Chemical. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ Oka S; Tsuchie A; Tokumura A; et al. (2003). "Ether-linked analogue of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (noladin ether) was not detected in the brains of various mammalian species". J. Neurochem. 85 (6): 1374–81. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01804.x. PMID 12787057. S2CID 39905742.
- ^ Fezza F, Bisogno T, Minassi A, Appendino G, Mechoulam R, Di Marzo V (2002). "Noladin ether, a putative novel endocannabinoid: inactivation mechanisms and a sensitive method for its quantification in rat tissues". FEBS Lett. 513 (2–3): 294–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02341-4. PMID 11904167. S2CID 24571810.
- ^ Richardson D, Ortori CA, Chapman V, Kendall DA, Barrett DA (2007). "Quantitative profiling of endocannabinoids and related compounds in rat brain using liquid chromatography-tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry". Anal. Biochem. 360 (2): 216–26. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2006.10.039. PMID 17141174.
- ^ Shoemaker JL, Joseph BK, Ruckle MB, Mayeux PR, Prather PL (2005). "The endocannabinoid noladin ether acts as a full agonist at human CB2 cannabinoid receptors". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314 (2): 868–75. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.085282. PMID 15901805. S2CID 10316149.
- ^ Duncan M, Millns P, Smart D, Wright JE, Kendall DA, Ralevic V (2004). "Noladin ether, a putative endocannabinoid, attenuates sensory neurotransmission in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed via a non-CB1/CB2 Gi/o linked receptor". Br. J. Pharmacol. 142 (3): 509–18. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705789. PMC 1574960. PMID 15148262.
- ^ Shoemaker JL, Ruckle MB, Mayeux PR, Prather PL (2005). "Agonist-directed trafficking of response by endocannabinoids acting at CB2 receptors". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315 (2): 828–38. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.089474. PMID 16081674. S2CID 2759320.
- ^ a b Laine K, Järvinen K, Mechoulam R, Breuer A, Järvinen T (2002). "Comparison of the enzymatic stability and intraocular pressure effects of 2-arachidonylglycerol and noladin ether, a novel putative endocannabinoid". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (10): 3216–22. PMID 12356827.
- ^ Venderova K, Brown TM, Brotchie JM (2005). "Differential effects of endocannabinoids on [(3)H]-GABA uptake in the rat globus pallidus". Exp. Neurol. 194 (1): 284–7. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.02.012. PMID 15899265. S2CID 34987539.
- ^ Sun Y; Alexander SP; Garle MJ; et al. (2007). "Cannabinoid activation of PPARα; a novel neuroprotective mechanism". Br. J. Pharmacol. 152 (5): 734–43. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707478. PMC 2190030. PMID 17906680.