Free nerve ending

Free nerve ending
Free nerve ending
	Illustration of free nerve endings
Details
Identifiers
Latin	terminatio neuralis libera
TH	H3.11.06.0.00002
FMA	84005
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

A free nerve ending (FNE) or bare nerve ending, is an unspecialized, afferent nerve fiber sending its signal to a sensory neuron. Afferent in this case means bringing information from the body's periphery toward the brain. They function as cutaneous nociceptors and are essentially used by vertebrates to detect noxious stimuli that often result in pain.

Structure

Free nerve endings are unencapsulated and have no complex sensory structures. They are the most common type of nerve ending, and are most frequently found in the skin. They penetrate the dermis and end in the stratum granulosum. FNEs infiltrate the middle layers of the dermis and surround hair follicles.

Types

Free nerve endings have different rates of adaptation, stimulus modalities, and fiber types.

Rate of adaptation

Different types of FNE can be rapidly adapting, intermediate adapting, or slowly adapting. A delta type II fibers are fast-adapting while A delta type I and C fibers are slowly adapting.^[1]^[2]

Modality

Free nerve endings can detect temperature, mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or danger (nociception). Thus, different free nerve endings work as thermoreceptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors. In other words, they express polymodality.

Fiber types

The majority of Aδ (A delta) fibers (group III) and C (group IV) fibers end as free nerve endings.

Classification

The term "free nerve endings" dates back to the 1890s, originally characterized by the absence of other cellular structures at their terminals. Observations that led to this characterization were limited by the relatively low resolution of light microscopes. Advances in non-optical imaging such as electron microscopy allowed for higher resolution examination of free nerve endings, enabling the finding that they are most often bundles of axons surrounded by a Remak bundle rather than truly unenclosed. Such discoveries have led to the proposal of more accurate terminology such as "fine nerve endings" or "non-corpuscular afferent nerve endings."^[3]

References

^ Rolf-Detlef Treede, Richard A.Meyer, Srinivasa N.Raja, James N.Campbell. Evidence for two different heat transduction mechanisms in nociceptive primary afferents innervating monkey skin. J Physiol 1995;483:747-758
^ Churyukanov M, Plaghki L, Legrain V, Mouraux A (2012). "Thermal detection thresholds of Aδ- and C-fibre afferents activated by brief CO2 laser pulses applied onto the human hairy skin". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35817. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735817C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035817. PMC 3338467. PMID 22558230.
^ Messlinger, Karl (1996), "Chapter 17. Functional morphology of nociceptive and other fine sensory endings (free nerve endings) in different tissues", Progress in Brain Research, vol. 113, Elsevier, pp. 273–298, doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61094-8, ISBN 978-0-444-82473-8, retrieved 2023-12-01273-298&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61094-8&rft.isbn=978-0-444-82473-8&rft.aulast=Messlinger&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079612308610948&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Free nerve ending" class="Z3988">

External links

MacIver M, Tanelian D (1993). "Free nerve ending terminal morphology is fiber-type-specific for A delta and C fibers innervating rabbit corneal epithelium". J Neurophysiol. 69 (5): 1779–83. doi:10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1779. PMID 8509835.1779-83&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info:doi/10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1779&rft_id=info:pmid/8509835&rft.aulast=MacIver&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Tanelian, D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Free nerve ending" class="Z3988">
Nociception: Transduction. From the University of Utah.
Hada R (1990). "[Difference in responses of free nerve endings and Ruffini-type endings innervating the cat mandibular periosteum to square wave pressure stimuli, ramp mechanical stimuli and triangular vibrations]". Shikwa Gakuho. 90 (2): 161–80. PMID 2135092.161-80&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info:pmid/2135092&rft.au=Hada R&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Free nerve ending" class="Z3988">
Textbook in Medical Physiology And Pathophysiology: Essentials and clinical problems. Copenhagen Medical Publishers. 1999 - 2000
Cleland C, Hayward L, Rymer W (1990). "Neural mechanisms underlying the clasp-knife reflex in the cat. II. Stretch-sensitive muscular-free nerve endings". J Neurophysiol. 64 (4): 1319–30. doi:10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1319. PMID 2258749.1319-30&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info:doi/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1319&rft_id=info:pmid/2258749&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Hayward, L&rft.au=Rymer, W&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Free nerve ending" class="Z3988">
Somatosensory System from Dr. Daley of North Carolina Wesleyan College.

[1] Rolf-Detlef Treede, Richard A.Meyer, Srinivasa N.Raja, James N.Campbell. Evidence for two different heat transduction mechanisms in nociceptive primary afferents innervating monkey skin. J Physiol 1995;483:747-758

[Churyukanov-2] Churyukanov M, Plaghki L, Legrain V, Mouraux A (2012). "Thermal detection thresholds of Aδ- and C-fibre afferents activated by brief CO2 laser pulses applied onto the human hairy skin". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35817. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735817C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035817. PMC 3338467. PMID 22558230.

[3] Messlinger, Karl (1996), "Chapter 17. Functional morphology of nociceptive and other fine sensory endings (free nerve endings) in different tissues", Progress in Brain Research, vol. 113, Elsevier, pp. 273–298, doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61094-8, ISBN 978-0-444-82473-8, retrieved 2023-12-01273-298&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61094-8&rft.isbn=978-0-444-82473-8&rft.aulast=Messlinger&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079612308610948&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Free nerve ending" class="Z3988">

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