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The National Republican Party, also known as the Anti-Jacksonian Party or simply Republicans,[2] was a political party in the United States which evolved from a conservative-leaning faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that supported John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election.
National Republican Party | |
|---|---|
| Other name | Adams-Clay Republicans Adams's Men Anti-Jacksonians |
| Leader | John Quincy Adams Henry Clay |
| Founded | 1824 |
| Dissolved | 1834 |
| Split from | Democratic-Republican Party |
| Preceded by | Democratic-Republican Party Federalist Party |
| Merged into | Whig Party |
| Ideology | |
| Colors | Buff |
Known initially as "Adams-Clay Republicans" in the wake of the 1824 campaign, Adams's political allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams's Men" during his presidency (1825–1829). When Andrew Jackson became president, following his victory over Adams in the 1828 election, this group became the opposition, and organized themselves as "Anti-Jackson". The use of the term "National Republican" dates from 1830.[citation needed]
Henry Clay was the party's nominee in the 1832 election, but was defeated by Jackson. The party supported Clay's American System of nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff. After the 1832 election, opponents of Jackson, including the National Republicans, Anti-Masons and others, coalesced into the Whig Party.
History
editBefore the election of John Quincy Adams to the presidency in 1825, the Democratic-Republican Party, which had been the only national American political party for over a decade, began to fracture, losing its infrastructure and identity. Its caucuses no longer met to select candidates because now they had separate interests. After the 1824 election, factions developed in support of Adams and in support of Andrew Jackson. Adams politicians, including most ex-Federalists (such as Daniel Webster and Adams himself), would gradually become members of the National Republican Party; and those politicians that supported Jackson would later help form the modern Democratic Party.
After Adams's defeat in the 1828 election, his supporters regrouped around Henry Clay. Now the "anti-Jackson" opposition, they soon organized as the National Republican Party. Led by Clay, the new party maintained its historic nationalistic outlook and desired to use national resources to build a strong economy. Its platform was Clay's American System of nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff, which would promote faster economic development. More important, by binding together the diverse interests of the different regions, the party intended to promote national unity and harmony.
Historians refer to the National Republican Party, but the term Anti-Jackson was frequently used at the time. For instance in 1830, Alexander McIlhenny recorded in his diary, "May 29th: I attended the Anti Jackson meeting at Sultzers in Taney Town. Addressed a few words to the meeting."[3]: 130
The National Republicans saw the Union as a corporate, organic whole. Hence, the rank and file idealized Clay for his comprehensive perspective on the national interest. Conversely, they disdained those they identified as "party" politicians for pandering to local interests at the expense of the national interest.[4] The party met in national convention in late 1831 and nominated Clay for the presidency and John Sergeant for the vice presidency.
Formation of the Whig Party
editThe Whig Party emerged in 1833–1834 after Clay's defeat as a coalition of National Republicans, along with Anti-Masons, disaffected Jacksonians and people whose last political activity had been with the Federalists a decade before. In the short term, the Whig Party formed with the help of other smaller parties in a coalition against President Jackson and his reforms.
National Republican presidents
editJohn Quincy Adams was the only president to come from the National Republican Party.
| # | Name (lifespan) | Portrait | State | Presidency start date |
Presidency end date |
Time in office |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) | 
|
Massachusetts | March 4, 1825 | March 4, 1829 | 4 years, 0 days |
Electoral history
editPresidential tickets
edit| Election | Ticket | Popular vote | Electoral vote | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presidential nominee | Running mate | Percentage | Electoral votes | Ranking | |
| 1828 | John Quincy Adams | Richard Rush | 44.0 | 83 / 261
|
2 |
| 1832 | Henry Clay | John Sergeant | 37.4 | 49 / 286
|
2 |
Congressional representation
edit| Congress | Years | Senate[5] | House of Representatives[6] | President | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Pro-Jackson | Pro-Adams | Others | Vacancies | Total | Pro-Jackson | Pro-Adams | Others | Vacancies | ||||||
| 19th | 1825–1827 | 48 | 26 | 22 | — | — | 213 | 104 | 109 | — | — | John Quincy Adams[7] | |||
| 20th | 1827–1829 | 48 | 27 | 21 | — | — | 213 | 113 | 100 | — | — | ||||
| Congress | Years | Total | Pro-Jackson | Anti-Jackson | Others | Vacancies | Total | Pro-Jackson | Anti-Jackson | Others | Vacancies | President | |||
| 21st | 1829–1831 | 48 | 25 | 23 | — | — | 213 | 136 | 72 | 5 | — | Andrew Jackson | |||
| 22nd | 1831–1833 | 48 | 24 | 22 | 2 | — | 213 | 126 | 66 | 21 | — | ||||
| 23rd | 1833–1835 | 48 | 20 | 26 | 2 | — | 240 | 143 | 63 | 34 | — | ||||
| 24th | 1835–1837 | 52 | 26 | 24 | 2 | — | 242 | 143 | 75 | 24 | — | ||||
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ "John Quincy Adams on the war we are in". Claremont review of books. Richard Samuelson. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
Long before Samuel Huntington, Adams understood our modern "clash of civilizations." Adams believed that history had set the liberal West on a collision course with the Islamic East. In Adams's day, as in ours, many sophisticated Europeans thought that the two civilizations ought to compromise their differences in the name of peace. Unfortunately, Adams found, compromise was not always possible. As then constituted, Islamic civilization would not accept Western notions of liberty, equality, and progress, and for that reason the West had to fight to defend both its principles and its interests.
- ^ "State Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Vol. III, no. 6. E. Lawrence. Oct 12, 1837. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ^ n.a. (April 2003). "From the Diary of A. McIlhenny January 19, 1830 to February 7, 1831, Copied from the Original by Jane C. Sween, Annotations by Patricia A. Andersen". Western Maryland Genealogy. 30 (2–3). Damascus, Maryland: GenLaw Resources: 105–146. ISSN 0747-7805. OCLC 10807414.2–3&rft.pages=105-146&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info:oclcnum/10807414&rft.issn=0747-7805&rft.au=n.a.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:National Republican Party" class="Z3988">
- ^ Brown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780231056021. OCLC 906445960.
- ^ "Party Division". United States Senate.
- ^ "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present". United States House of Representatives.
- ^ Adams won election as a Democratic-Republican, but he sought re-election as a National Republican.
Further reading
edit- Michael F. Holt. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. New York. Oxford University Press. 1999.
- Carroll, E. Malcolm. Origins of the Whig Party. Durham, NC. Duke University Press. 1925.
- Robert V. Remini. Henry Clay: A Statesman for the Union. New York. W. W. Norton and Co. 1992.