Wikipedia

Mudaliar

Mudaliar (alternatively spelled: Muthaliar, Mudali, Muthali) is a Tamil title and surname.[1] As title, it was historically given to high-ranking officers, administrators and their descendants during the rule of Imperial Cholas.[2][3] The surname is most prevalent among Tamils from Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. Descendants of Tamil migrants also bears variants of the name in countries such as South Africa, and elsewhere in the Tamil diaspora.[4]

The title is usually borne by the communities like the Kondaikatti Vellalar, Thuluva Vellalar, Sri Lankan Vellalar, Karaiyar[5] and Senguntha Kaikolar.[6][7][8][9]

Etymology

The title is derived from the Tamil word muthal or "muthar" meaning first with the suffix yaar denoting people.[10] The title is used in the same sense as simply meaning headman.[11]

History

The term "Mudali" (or "Mudaliar") is an honorific historically associated with the Vellalars, a forward caste agrarian community in Tamil Nadu, particularly in the Tondaimandalam region.[12][13][14] Among the Vellalars, subgroups like the Kondaikatti and Thuluva Vellalars used this title to emphasize their deep-rooted connection to agriculture and land. The name "Vellalar" itself is commonly believed to stem from "vel-anmai," meaning "command over agriculture," highlighting the community's role as primary cultivators and signify their longstanding role in land ownership in Tamil Nadu.

Over time, this title was also adopted by other groups, notably the Sengunthar community. Sengunthars, who belong to the backward caste, traditionally held a prominent place as skilled weavers in the Tamil region. They later assumed the title "Segunda-Mudali", indicating an evolution in their social status within Tondaimandalam society.[15][13]

The adoption of the "Mudali" honorific by both agricultural and artisan communities reflects the social dynamics and intermingling of caste and occupational identities within Tamil Nadu’s historical caste structure.

India

Kondaikatti Vellalar

Kondaikatti Vellalar or Thondaimandala Mudaliar[a] is a Tamil[b] caste in south India. Historically, they were a caste of non-cultivating land-holders and some of them were administrators under various south Indian dynasties especially the Chola Empire.[c][d][e] Their original homeland was Thondaimandalam and from there they spread to other areas in south India and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka.[f][20] Since they historically used the Mudaliar title, they are sometimes referred to as Thondaimandala Mudaliar.[16]

Thuluva Vellalar

Thuluva Vellalar (Thondaimandala Tuluva Vellalar), also known as Agamudaya Mudaliars  and Arcot Mudaliars, is a backward caste found in northern Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh. They were originally significant landowners. An early Tamil tradition states that a king known as Ādonda Chakravarthi, a feudatory of Karikala Chola brought a large number of agriculturists (now known as the Tuluva Vellalas) from the Tulu areas in order to reclaim forest lands for cultivation in Thondaimandalam during late 2nd century CE. [22] Tuluva Vellalars are progressive and prosperous[23] in the society. They are considerably advanced in the matter of education[24] and the community was eagerly involved in business, Government and Non- governmental institutions.

Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar

Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar is a caste commonly found in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and the neighboring country Sri Lanka. In Andhra Pradesh, they are called as Kaikala or Karikala Bhaktulu, who consider the Chola emperor Karikala Chola as their hero.[25] They were warriors by ancient heritage and traditional, Textile Merchants and Slik Weavers by occupation.[26] They were part of the Chola army as Kaikola regiment and were dominant during the rule of Imperial Cholas, holding commander and minister positions in the court.[27] Ottakoothar, 12th century court poet and rajaguru of Cholas under Vikrama Chola, Kulothunga Chola II, Raja Raja Chola II reign belong to this community.In the olden days in India, the Sengunthars were warriors and were given the title Mudaliar for their bravery.[28] In early thirteenth century, after the fall of Chola empire large number of Kaikolars migrated to Kongu Nadu from Tondaimandalam and started doing weaving and textile businesses as their full time profession as they sworn to be soldiers only for Chola emperors.[29] At present, most of the textile businesses in Tamil Nadu are owned by Senguntha Mudaliyars.

Sri Lanka

Karaiyar and Sri Lankan Vellalar

After the expulsion of the Portuguese, was the growing Dutch rule revolted in 1658 in the Jaffna region by the Christian Karaiyars and Madapallis.[30] A Dutch minister of the 17th century, Philippus Baldaeus, described the Karaiyars, Madapallis and Vellalars among the influential classes of the Christians.[27] Elite Karaiyars were appointed to the rank of Mudaliyars.[5] The Karaiyar dominance got weakened through the political rise of the Vellalars under Dutch rule.[31][32][33]

Karaiyar

For centuries have the Karaiyars had sea-trade relations with India but also Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Malaysia and Indonesia, which has been heavily restricted since British rule.[34]

At the hand of the powerful maritime trading clans of the Karaiyars, the emergence of urban centers known as pattanam were seen.Mudaliar (meaning "capitalist") were conferred on the maritime elite trading clans of the Karaiyars as titles of nobility.[35][36][37]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Some of the important endogamous sub-divisions among the Vellalas are: Aranbukatti, Arunattu, Cholapuram Chetti, Choliya, Dakshinattan, Kaniyalan, Karaikatta or Pandya, Kodikkal, Kongu, Kottai, Malaikanda, Nainan, Mangudi, Pandaram or Gurukal, Panjukara Chetti, Ponneri Mudali, Pundamalli Mudali, Sittak kattu Chetti, Tondamandalam Mudali or Kondaikatti, Tuluva, Uttunattu, and Yelur. The Tondaimandalam, Ponneri and Pundamalli Vellalas use the title Mudaliar;[16]
  2. ^ Most of the Dubashes in the late eighteenth-century Madras were Telugu brahmans or Telugu perikavārs, Tamil kannakapillais, Tamil yādhavas, or Tamil Kondaikatti vellalas. [17]
  3. ^ Among Tamil castes, both Karkattar Vellalas (Arunachalam, 1975) and Kondaikatti Vellalas (Barnett, 1970) have much the same profile as the KP: both are non-cultivating land-holders, with a history of service to ruling dynasties. Both are of high status, laying great stress on ritual purity. [18]
  4. ^ Like the Kondaikatti Velalar described by Barnett(1970), they have allied themselves with south Indian dynasties as administrators, and have built up a position in the religious sphere in being employers of Brahmans and builders of temples for "high" gods like Siva, Ganesh and Vishnu.[19]
  5. ^ The original stronghold of the Kondaikatti Vellalas was Tondaimandalam. Later they spread from there throughout Tamil Nadu. Some of them were employed in the king's court and others as military leaders during expansionist times.[20]
  6. ^ The original home of the Kondaikatti Vellalar is Tondaimandalam and subsequently they are found throughout Tamil nadu.[21]

References

  1. ^ Barnett, Marguerite Ross (2015). The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India. Princeton University Press. p. 236. ISBN 9781400867189.
  2. ^ Silva, Chandra Richard De (2009). Portuguese Encounters with Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Translated Texts from the Age of Discoveries. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 225. ISBN 9780754601869.
  3. ^ Vidyodaya Journal of Arts, Science, and Letters: Vidyodaya Vidyā Kalā Bhāsāśāstrīya Sangrahaya. Vidyodaya Campus, University of Sri Lanka. 1970. p. 117.
  4. ^ Younger, Paul (2010). New Homelands: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-539164-0.
  5. ^ a b Manogaran, Chelvadurai; Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1994). The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity. Westview Press. pp. 34, 36. ISBN 9780813388458.
  6. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-53810-686-0.
  7. ^ Pandian, Jacob (1987). Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Popular Prakashan. pp. 109, 114. ISBN 978-0-86132-136-0.
  8. ^ "Mudaliar title usage" (PDF).
  9. ^ M, S, A, Vijaya, Kanthimathi, Ramesh (2 August 2008). "Genetic study of scheduled caste populations of Tamil Nadu". Journal of Genetics. 87 (2): 171–4. doi:10.1007/s12041-008-0026-2. PMID 18776647. S2CID 32841661 – via Indian Academy of Sciences.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Barnett, Marguerite Ross (2015). The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India. Princeton University Press. p. 236. ISBN 9781400867189.
  11. ^ Katz, Nathan (2000). Who Are the Jews of India?. University of California Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-52021-323-4.
  12. ^ Robb, Peter (1996). Meanings of Agriculture: Essays in South Asian History and Economics. Oxford University Press. p. 348.
  13. ^ a b Rajadurai, S. V.; Geetha, V. (2004). Wyatt, Andrew; Zavos, John (eds.). Response to John Harriss. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-13576-169-1. Retrieved 2024-11-23.
  14. ^ Balakrishnan, Raja Gopal (1965). The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed: Studies in the History and Culture (1994 ed.). Mythic Society, Bangalore by Geetha Book House. p. 178.
  15. ^ Robb, Peter (1996). Meanings of Agriculture: Essays in South Asian History and Economics. Oxford University Press. p. 349.
  16. ^ a b Indian Council of Agricultural Research, p. 120.
  17. ^ Irschick (1994), p. 34.
  18. ^ Chanana & Krishna Raj (1989), p. 92.
  19. ^ Mariola Offredi (1992), p. 284.
  20. ^ a b Pillay & Pillay (1977), pp. 23–24.
  21. ^ Venkatasubramanian (1993), p. 105.
  22. ^ Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan Hanumanthan. Untouchability: A Historical Study Upto 1500 A.D. : with Special Reference to Tamil Nadu. Koodal Publishers. p. 101.
  23. ^ Tañcai Tamil̲p Palkalaik Kal̲akam, Tañcai Tamiḻp Palkalaik Kaḻakam (1994). Glimpses of Tamil Civilization. Articles from the University Quarterly, Tamil Civilization. Tamil University. p. 142. Tuluva Vellala is a prosperous and progressive caste in Tamil Nadu and they migrated from Tulu Nadu to Tamil Nadu in ancient times.
  24. ^ "3". Census Book of India 1961 (in Tamil). Vol. 9 North Arcot District. Madras: The Director of stationery and Printing, Madras. 1961. p. 31.
  25. ^ "National Commission for Backward Classes". www.ncbc.nic.in. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  26. ^ Mines 1984, p. 11.
  27. ^ a b Martial races of undivided India by Vidya Prakash Tyagi 2009 Page 278 https://www.google.com/books?id=vRwS6FmS2g0C
  28. ^ David, Kenneth (1977). The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia (World Anthropology). De Gruyter Mouton; Reprint 2011 edition (1 December 1977). p. 188. ISBN 9027979596.
  29. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017). Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India. Routledge. pp. 172–174. ISBN 9781351558259.
  30. ^ Veen, Ernst van; Blussé, Leonard (2005). Rivalry and Conflict: European Traders and Asian Trading Networks in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9789057891045.
  31. ^ Arasaratnam, Sinnappah (1996-01-01). Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka. n Variorum. p. 390. ISBN 9780860785798.
  32. ^ Soundra Pandian, Mathias Samuel (1997). South Indian Studies. Madras Institute of Development Studies: Chithira Publishers. p. 168.
  33. ^ Eva Gerharz (2014). The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka. Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-317-69280-5.
  34. ^ Kenneth Andrew, David (1972). The Bound and the NonBound: Variations in Social and Cultural Structure in Rural Jaffna, Ceylon. The University of Chicago. p. 142.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  35. ^ K, Arunthavarajah (March 2014). "The Administration of Jaffna Kingdom- A Historical View" (PDF). International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review. 2 (3). University of Jaffna: 32.
  36. ^ Cambridge South Asian Studies. University of Cambridge: Cambridge South Asian Studies. 1965. p. 27. ISBN 9780521232104.
  37. ^ Pandian, Jacob (1987). Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Popular Prakashan. p. 109. ISBN 9780861321360.

Sources

  • Chanana, Karuna; Krishna Raj, Maithreyi, eds. (1989). Gender and the Household Domain Social and Cultural Dimensions. Sage Publications.
  • Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Farmers of India, Band 2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1961.
  • Irschick, Eugene F. (1994). Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. University of California Press.
  • Mariola Offredi, ed. (1992). Literature, Language, and the Media in India: Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on South Asian Studies, Amsterdam, 1990, Panel 13. Manohar Publications, 1992.
  • Mines, Mattison (1984). The Warrior Merchants: Textiles, Trade and Territory in South India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521267144.
  • Pillay, Kolappa; Pillay, Kanakasabhapathi (1977). The Caste System in Tamil Nadu. University of Madras.
  • Venkatasubramanian, T. K. (1993). Societas to Civitas Evolution of Political Society in South India : Pre-Pallavan Tamilakam. Kalinga Publications.
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