Methoctramine is a polymethylene tetraamine that acts as a muscarinic antagonist. It preferentially binds to the pre-synaptic receptor M2, a muscarinic acetylcholine ganglionic protein complex present basically in heart cells. In normal conditions -absence of methoctramine-, the activation of M2 receptors diminishes the speed of conduction of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes thus reducing the heart rate. Thanks to its apparently high cardioselectivity, it has been studied as a potential parasymphatolitic drug, particularly against bradycardia. However, currently it is only addressed for research purposes, since the administration to humans is still unavailable.
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| Formula | C36H62N4O2 |
| Molar mass | 582.918 g·mol−1 |
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| Solubility in water | 20 g/l mg/mL (20 °C) |
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Chemistry
editMechanism of action
editMethoctramine has been shown to competitively antagonize muscarinic receptors, thus preventing them from binding to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (and other agonists, such as bethanechol or berberine). At higher concentrations, allosteric properties of methoctramine have also been described.[1]
Biochemical literature distinguishes 5 different types of muscarinic receptors, each of one having a different affinity to methoctramine:
| Muscarinic receptor subtype | M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 |
| Affinity constants (nM) in Chinese hamster ovary cells.[2] | 50 | 13.2 | 214 | 31.6 | 135 |
The lower the affinity constants are, the more affinity exists.
As shown in the chart above, methoctramine binds preferently to M2 receptors, found mostly in the parasympathetic nerves and atria. There, the activity it develops is clearly related to the contraction process. In presence of acetylcholine, M2 receptors are believed to play an autoinhibitory role in the atria, triggering processes that prevent contraction from occurring. Hence, the presence of the antagonist methoctramine provokes an increase of the heart rate.
In marked contrast of the above, methoctramine has the opposite function in other organs: it inhibits contraction. This occurs especially in the bladder, where, unlike the heart, autoinhibitory processes of this type do not exist.
Recent research, however, led to find the mentioned specialty dubious, rising the possibility of it binding to other types of receptors, such as nicotinic ACh receptors –at micromolar concentrations- or adenosine A3.
Effects
editThe exact effects of methoctramine still remain unknown. However, the few experiments conducted have led to relate this molecule to the following:
- Reduction of bladder contractions in a concentration-dependent manner, resulting in a decrease of the urinary excretion.
- Responsible for decrease in sexual activity, as a study using rats confirmed.[3]
- Downregulation of ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme responsible for a step in the synthesis of polyamines.
- Limited upregulation of spermine/spermidine N-acetyltransferase.
Uses
editStill object of investigation, methoctramine has not been introduced in the pharmacological industry yet. Research conducted in mice (and other animals), suggests nonetheless many clinical uses of it, thanks to its implications in contraction processes. These applications include, but are not limited to:
- Combat bladder overactivity, because it triggers effects that enhance its relaxation.[4]
- Memory improvements in cognitively impaired patients.[5]
- Control of bradycardia.[6]
- Control of bronchodilatation.[7]
Toxicity
editMethoctramine was shown to produce some cytotoxic effects,[8] being the cardiomyoblasts the most sensitive cells reported. Cell death occurs only at high micromolar concentrations (being the average pharmacological dose at nanomolar level). From all the methoctramine-derived polymers, those with more spacing between the inner nitrogen atoms were shown to have the lowest lethal doses.
This mentioned toxicity has its origin in a non-muscarinic mechanism, and bears a strong resemblance to other anticholinergic drugs, such as gallamine.
There’s evidence that lithium could act as an antidote against methoctramine.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Jakubík J, Zimčík P, Randáková A, Fuksová K, El-Fakahany EE, Doležal V (August 2014). "Molecular mechanisms of methoctramine binding and selectivity at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 86 (2): 180–92. doi:10.1124/mol.114.093310. PMID 24870405.
- ^ Schwartz W.J.(1997). Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience, Vol.15 Sleep Science: Integrating Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Worcester(Massachusetts). Karger. ISBN 978-3-8055-6537-0
- ^ Gómez-Martínez LE, Cueva-Rolón R (November 2009). "Muscarinic receptor antagonism at the spinal cord level causes inhibitory effects on male rat sexual behavior". Behavioural Brain Research. 203 (2): 247–55. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.010. PMID 19450623.
- ^ Ozturk H, Onen A, Guneli E, Cicek R, Tas Hekimoglu A (March 2003). "Effects of methoctramine on bladder overactivity in a rat model". Urology. 61 (3): 671–6. doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02260-4. PMID 12639681.
- ^ Lazaris A, Cassel S, Stemmelin J, Cassel JC, Kelche C (2004). "Intrastriatal infusions of methoctramine improve memory in cognitively impaired aged rats". Neurobiology of Aging. 24 (2): 379–83. doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00067-2. PMID 12498972.
- ^ Wess J, Angeli P, Melchiorre C, Moser U, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G (September 1988). "Methoctramine selectively blocks cardiac muscarinic M2 receptors in vivo". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 338 (3): 246–9. doi:10.1007/bf00173395. PMID 3057387.
- ^ Watson N, Barnes PJ, Maclagan J (January 1992). "Actions of methoctramine, a muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist, on muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptors in guinea-pig airways in vivo and in vitro". British Journal of Pharmacology. 105 (1): 107–12. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14219.x. PMC 1908607. PMID 1596672.
- ^ Zini M, Passariello CL, Gottardi D, Cetrullo S, Flamigni F, Pignatti C, et al. (October 2009). "Cytotoxicity of methoctramine and methoctramine-related polyamines". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 181 (3): 409–16. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2009.06.015. PMID 19576191.
- ^ Giladi N, Sutton M, Lo B, Przedborski S, Fahn S, Cadet JL (September 1993). "Toxicity of the specific antimuscarinic agent methoctramine and other non-specific anticholinergic drugs in human neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro". Toxicology in Vitro. 7 (5): 595–603. doi:10.1016/0887-2333(93)90093-K. PMID 20732256.