The Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations Party (Indonesian: Partai Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia), better known as the Masyumi Party, was a major Islamic political party in Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia. It was banned in 1960 by President Sukarno for supporting the PRRI rebellion.
Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations Partai Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | Masyumi |
| Chairman | Hasyim Asyari (first) Soekiman Wirjosandjojo Mohammad Natsir |
| Secretary-General | Various |
| Founded | 24 October 1943 (organization) 7 November 1945 (party) |
| Banned | 13 September 1960 |
| Merger of | Nahdlatul Ulama (until 1952) Muhammadiyah Indonesian Islamic Union Party |
| Preceded by | Supreme Islamic Council of Indonesia (MIAI) |
| Succeeded by | Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council Parmusi Crescent Star Family (later became Crescent Star Party) |
| Headquarters | Djakarta, Indonesia |
| Newspaper | Abadi |
| Membership (peak) | Tens of millions[1] |
| Ideology | Islamic democracy Pan-Islamism Islamic modernism Anti-communism |
| Political position | Center-right |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Background
editIn 1909, a trade organization called the Islamic Trading Association (Indonesian: Sarekat Dagang Islam) was established in Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies, to protect the interests of batik traders in the face of competition from ethnic Chinese merchants. In 1912, this became the Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union) and was headed by Western-educated Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto.
Although it began as a non-political organization, it began to speak out against injustice and poverty. By 1918, it had 450,000 members. Communist influence within it grew, but so did that of the reformist Islamic Muhammadiyah organization, which was anti-communist. In 1920, Muhammadiyah merged into Sarkat Islam.[2][3] In 1923, Tjokroaminoto moved to expel communists from the organization at the SI Congress and established the Islamic Union Party (Indonesian: Partai Sarekat Islam - PSI), which adopted a policy of non-collaboration with the Dutch.
In 1929 the party was renamed the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII). The next few years saw splits within the party, worsened by the death of Tjokroaminoto in 1937. In September 1937, Muhammadiyah and the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama established the Supreme Islamic Council of Indonesia (MIAI), an umbrella group for Islamic organizations.[4][3][5][6] Following their 1942 invasion of the Dutch East Indies, the Japanese authorities banned the PSII but allowed the MIAI to continue. However, it became dominated by former PSII members, so it in turn was dissolved in 1943.
In November the Japanese established an organization called the Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations (Masyumi) in an attempt to control Islam in Indonesia. It too included Muhammadiyah and the Nahdlatul Ulama. However, Muslims resented the attempt to use them as tools of the Japanese and were especially angered by the obligation to bow towards the Imperial Palace in Tokyo (kyūjō-yōhai), rather than Mecca. However, the new organization became highly politicized and established a network across the country.[7][8][9]
Post-independence period
editFollowing the Indonesian Declaration of Independence, on 7 November 1945 a new organization called Masyumi was formed. The founders wanted to take advantage of the organization's fame and structure, but there was considerable discussion as to whether to retain the name, due to its association with the Japanese occupiers. Its membership included key figures from the wartime Masyumi such as Hasyim Asy'ari and Wahid Hasyim, the PSII, and non-political Islamic organizations such as the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama and the modernist Muhammadiyah. The main leaders were Mohammad Natsir, Mohammad Roem, Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, Jusuf Wibisono and Abu Hanafi.
Its chief aims were the achievement of Indonesian independence and the establishment of a state governed by Islamic principles. It was strongly anti-communist. Along with the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and the Socialist Party of Indonesia (PSI), it played a dominant role in Indonesian politics from 1945 to 1949. Two Masyumi members, including Natsir, served in the cabinet appointed in November 1945, while 35 Masyumi members were appointed to the Central Indonesian National Committee, and four to its Working Committee. Masyumi members subsequently served in the first and second Hatta cabinets and in the cabinet of the short-lived United States of Indonesia. In April 1947, the PSII left Masyumi following disagreements with the leadership, particularly Natsir.[10][11][12]
Liberal Democracy era
editThere were two main factions within the party. The first, led by Natsir, attracted support from the younger generation who had participated in the Indonesian National Revolution and from the non-Javanese membership. The second faction, headed by Soekiman Wirjosandjojo, was supported by ethnic Javanese members, and had closer links with the Nahdlatul Ulama, the PNI leadership, and President Sukarno. The party as a whole had more support from non-urban areas of Indonesia.[13] It also controlled its newspaper, Abadi.[14]
By 1950, Masyumi was considered the largest political party in Indonesia. On this basis it was awarded 49 seats, the largest number, in the 232-seat legislature, the People's Representative Council, when this was formed following the dissolution of the United States of Indonesia in August.[15][16]
In the same month, Sukarno asked Natsir to form a cabinet. Natsir attempted to negotiate with the second-largest party, the PNI, but was unsuccessful, and in September announced the formation of his cabinet with support from the PSI and other smaller parties. However, this cabinet lasted less than seven months, falling in March 1951 after losing support from the smaller parties and parliament. It was followed by two Masyumi-PNI coalition cabinets, the first from April 1951 to February 1952 with Masyumi figure Soekiman as Prime Minister (but with no representation from the Natsir faction) and the next (April 1952 - June 1953) led by Wilopo from the PNI, with a Masyumi deputy prime minister, Prawoto Mangkusasmito.[17][18][19]
Shortly after the Wilopo cabinet took office, the Nahdlatul Ulama began the process of withdrawing from Masyumi following protracted disputes, including a conflict over the cabinet's refusal to reappoint key NU figure Wahid Hasyim to the post of religious affairs minister. The NU decided at its congress in 1952 to become an independent political party. This split damaged the standing of the Masyumi and its claim to be the sole party for Indonesia's Muslims.[20][21]
Elections had originally been scheduled for 1946. Many parties were worried that Masyumi would emerge as an outright winner and tried to delay the vote, but in April 1953, an election law was finally enacted scheduling elections for parliament for September 1955, and for the Constitutional Assembly for December 1955.[22][23]
Masyumi came in second in the legislative election. It won 7,903,886 votes, representing 20.9% of the popular vote,[24] resulting in 57 seats in parliament. Masyumi was popular in modernist Islamic regions such as West Sumatra, Jakarta, and Aceh. One of Indonesia's first female legislators, educational activist Rahmah el Yunusiyah, was elected from West Sumatra for the Masyumi party at this contest.[25] 51.3% of Masyumi's vote came from Java, but Masyumi was the dominant party for regions outside Java, and it established itself as the leading party for one third of people living outside Java.[26][27] The party received a million US dollars from the CIA for their election efforts.[28]
The end of the party
editIn the mid-1950s, the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia rebellion broke out. In November 1957, senior Masyumi figures Mohammad Natsir, Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, and Burhanuddin Harahap, joined the rebels in the Sumatran city of Padang. The Masyumi Party refused to condemn their actions, which damaged the party's image.[29][30] In 1960, President Sukarno passed a law allowing him to ban parties whose ideologies conflicted with those of the state, or whose members rebelled against the state, and he subsequently used this law to threaten Masyumi to either dissolve itself or be forcefully dissolved.[31] Following the collapse of the rebellion, Natsir and Sjafruddin, along with other senior Masjumi figures, were jailed in January 1962.[32][33]
Election results
editPeople's Representative Council
edit| Election date | Party leader | Votes | % of Votes | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1955 | Mohammad Natsir | 7,903,886 | 20.92% | 57 / 257
|
Constitutional Assembly
edit| Election date | Party leader | Votes | % of Votes | Seats | Bloc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1955 | Mohammad Natsir | 7,789,619 | 20.59% | 112 / 514
|
Islamic Bloc |
Successor organizations
editFollowing the banning, Masyumi members and followers established the Crescent Star Family (Indonesian: Keluarga Bulan Bintang) to campaign for Islamic shariah law and teachings. An attempt was made to reestablish the party following the fall of Sukarno, but this was not permitted. However, the government eventually permitted the establishment of the Muslim Party of Indonesia (Parmusi) in 1968 but refused to allow former Masyumi members to lead the party.
Meanwhile, in 1967, Mohammad Natsir and a few of his close associates, including Mohammad Roem, established the Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council (DDII), which was based at the former head office of Masyumi. As well as a refuge for former Masyumi supporters, the organization campaigned against "Christianization" of Indonesia and appealed for support from the lower social classes.[34][35] After the fall of Suharto in 1998, another attempt was made to revive the Masyumi name, but eventually, Masyumi followers and others established the Crescent Star Party,[36] which contested the legislative elections in 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014.
Two other parties, known as the Masyumi Party, established by former Masyumi member Mawardi Noor, and the New Masyumi Party, contested the 1999 election, but won only 0.22% and 0.14% of the vote respectively, which was enough for the former to be awarded one seat in the legislature. Neither party contested subsequent elections.[37] The formation of a new party known as "Masyumi Reborn" was declared in November 2020 by a group of Islamic activists. [38]
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ Madinier 2015, p. xiii.
- ^ Kahin 1952, pp. 67–72.
- ^ a b Madinier 2015, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Kahin 1952, p. 94.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 319.
- ^ Madinier 2015, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 335.
- ^ Kahin 1952, p. 111.
- ^ Madinier 2015, pp. 52–56.
- ^ Feith 2008, pp. 135, 139, 171, 193.
- ^ Madinier 2015, pp. 57, 81.
- ^ Kahin 1952, pp. 156–158.
- ^ Feith 2008, pp. 136–138.
- ^ Seabad pers kebangsaan, 1907-2007 (in Indonesian). 2007. pp. 679–682. ISBN 978-979-1436-02-1.
- ^ Feith 2008, p. 136.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 383.
- ^ Feith 2008, pp. 148–150, 180, 228.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, pp. 384–386.
- ^ Simanjuntak 2003, pp. 113–116, 126.
- ^ Feith 2008, pp. 235–237.
- ^ Madinier 2015, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, pp. 386–389.
- ^ Feith 2008, pp. 275–280.
- ^ Madinier 2015, pp. 430–432.
- ^ "Rahmah El Yunusiyah". Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sumatera Barat (in Indonesian). Sekretariat Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ Feith 2008, pp. 436–437.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 396.
- ^ Sussman, Gerald (2005). Global Electioneering Campaign Consulting, Communications, and Corporate Financing. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 114.
- ^ Ward 1970, pp. 12–14.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 411.
- ^ "Saat Masyumi Bubar".
- ^ Ward 1970, p. 16.
- ^ Ricklefs 2008, pp. 420–422.
- ^ Madinier 2015, pp. 436–437.
- ^ Friend 2003, p. 383.
- ^ Setiawan, Bambang; Bestian, Nainggolan, eds. (2004). Partai-Partai Politik Indonesia: Ideologi dan Program 2004–2009 (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. pp. 31–36, 58–66. ISBN 979-709-121-X.
- ^ Bestian Nainggolan & Yohan Wahyu 2016, pp. 239, 391 & 404.
- ^ Tomsa 2020.
References
edit- Bestian Nainggolan; Yohan Wahyu, eds. (2016). Partai-Partai Politik Indonesia 1999-2019: Konsentrasi dan Dekonsentrasi Kuasa (in Indonesian). PT Kompas Media Nusantara. ISBN 978-602-412-005-4.
- Feith, Herbert (2008) [1962]. The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Equininox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-979-3780-45-0.
- Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01834-1.
- Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9108-5.
- Madinier, Rémy (2015). Islam and Politics in Indonesia: The Masyumi Party between Democracy and Integralism (PDF). Translated by Desmond, Jeremy. Singapore: NUS Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1ntfxk. ISBN 978-9971-69-843-0. JSTOR j.ctv1ntfxk.
- Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981], A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 (4th ed.), Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN 978-0-230-54686-8
- Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (2003). Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 978-979-428-499-5.
- Tomsa, Dirk (16 December 2020). "Will the born-again Masyumi Party shake up Indonesia's Islamic politics?". The Conversation. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- Ward, Ken (1970). The Foundation of the Partai Muslimin Indonesia. Cornell University. Modern Indonesia Project. Interim reports series. Ithaca, New York: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.