The Mandara people, also known as Wandala or Mandwara, are a Central African traditionalist ethnic group found in north Cameroon northeastern Nigeria, and southeastern Chad.[4] They speak the Wandala language, which belongs to the Chadic branch of the Afro-Asiatic Language family.[3]
 Mandara people were a part of a Sultanate | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 Cameroon | 75,000[1] |
 Nigeria | 21,000[2] |
| Languages | |
| Wandala language[3] | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mura people, Malgwa people | |
Their origins are unclear. They live in the mountainous region and valleys north of the Benue River in Cameroon, and have long been a part of the Mandara Sultanate.[5] Their region witnessed slave trading and sub-Saharan caravans till the 19th century.[6] The Mandara people were known for their horse raising and iron working skills,[7] and featured a society that was socially stratified.[8][9][10]
History
editThe origins of the Mandara people are in the Mandara Kingdom, once found in the Mandara Mountains, along the northern Cameroon at its border with northeastern Nigeria between the Benue River and Mora, Cameroon.[4][11]
Their prehistory is unclear. One oral traditions trace their start to a king Agamakiya in the 13th century, who led them as invasions came from the Sahel. They converted to Sunni Islam under Sultan Bukar Aaji in the 1720s.[4] Another tradition states Wandala Mbra was one of the sons of Mbra of Turu and Katala, the daughter of Vaya, he adopted Islam and it is his lineage that formed this patrilineal Muslim ethnic group.[11] These oral traditions may have been reconstructed later, when Mandara came under the influence of and cooperated in Fulani jihads, slave raids on other ethnic groups.[5]
Islamic historians mention the Mandara people, but also provide inconsistent accounts of their history. One account by Ibn Fartuwa states that they were unbelievers, but they converted to Islam in the 16th century. Another account states that It is their ruler who invited two Moroccans from Fez returning from Mecca, to stay with him. They converted him, and he then mandated the Islamic traditions of circumcision, prayer, zakat and fasting among his Mandara people in early 18th-century.[5] Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the Mandara people's region was surrounded by pagan people, and these were a source of slaves through raiding, and for trade to the African slave caravans.[6]
Society and culture
editTheir historic lands have been midst a densely populated river valley surrounded by volcanic mountains rich in iron ore, famed as a horse breeding area.[5] Their Sultans have had Mora in Cameroon as their capital. The Mandara people have lived in dispersed villages, each with a mosque, growing sorghum as their principal crop and producing iron tools that were sought by traders and other ethnic groups.[4][12][8] The Mandara people wear Muslim dress typically of northern Africa, and they carry leather amulets around their neck that contains verses from the Quran.[13]
The Mandara society developed into a socially stratified system, with Sultan and royalty, farmers, horse breeders, artisans, iron workers and smiths forming a distinct endogamous occupation-inheriting castes.[6][8][9] The caste system among the Mandara people integrated the concept that the strata have innate pollution and therefore they are stigmatized,[10] however there is no evidence that their Islamic belief integrated the differences between the socially differentiated castes in their society to have been divinely sanctioned.[8][9]
References
edit- ^ "Mandara, Wandala in Cameroon".
- ^ "Mandara, Wandala in Nigeria".
- ^ a b (Wandala, Ethnologue; Wandala: A language of Cameroon
- ^ a b c d Mandara/Wandala Muller-Kosack Ethnic Handbook (1999)
- ^ a b c d J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83, 87–88, 99–106, 129–135. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2.87-88, 99-106, 129-135&rft.pub=Cambridge University Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20413-2&rft.au=J. D. Fage&rft.au=Richard Gray&rft.au=Roland Anthony Oliver&rft_id=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mandara people" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b c J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–135. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2.
- ^ David Nicholas (2012, Editor), Metals in Mandara mountains' society and culture, Africa World Press, ISBN 978-1592218905, see Cameroon and Nigeria-related chapters: The development of endogamy among smiths of the Mandara mountains eastern piedmont: myths, history and material evidence by Olivier Langlois; and The wife of the village: understanding caste in the Mandara mountains by James H. Wade
- ^ a b c d Sterner, Judy; David, Nicholas (1991). "Gender and Caste in the Mandara Highlands: Northeastern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon". Ethnology. 30 (4). University of Pittsburgh Press: 355–369. doi:10.2307/3773690. JSTOR 3773690.355-369&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/3773690&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773690#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Sterner&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=David, Nicholas&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mandara people" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b c Michael S. Bisson; Terry S. Childs; De Philip Barros; et al. (2000). Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sociocultural Context. AltaMira. pp. 160, 174–177. ISBN 978-1-4617-0592-5.174-177&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-0592-5&rft.au=Michael S. Bisson&rft.au=Terry S. Childs&rft.au=De Philip Barros&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceb9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mandara people" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b Nicholas David; Carol Kramer (2001). Ethnoarchaeology in Action. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75, 102–103, 206–221, 341. ISBN 978-0-521-66779-1.102-103, 206-221, 341&rft.pub=Cambridge University Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66779-1&rft.au=Nicholas David&rft.au=Carol Kramer&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rIvIPzuiYC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mandara people" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b E Mohammadou (1982), Le royaume du Wandala ou Mandara au XIXe siecle, African Languages and Ethnography 14, Tokyo, pages 7-9
- ^ Mandara Mountains, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ John Mukum Mbaku (2005). Culture and Customs of Cameroon. Greenwood. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-313-33231-9.