The Mandara Kingdom (sometimes called Wandala or the Kingdom of Medra) was an African kingdom in the Mandara Mountains of what is today Cameroon. The Mandara people are descended from the kingdom's inhabitants.
Sultanate of Mandara | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 1500–1902 | |||||||
| Capital | |||||||
| Common languages | Mandara | ||||||
| Religion | Traditional African religion, later Islam (official 1715) | ||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||
• Established | c. 1500 | ||||||
• Islamization | 1715 | ||||||
• Disestablished | 1902 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Cameroon | ||||||
History
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Tradition states that Mandara was founded shortly before 1500 by a female ruler named Soukda and a non-Mandarawa hunter named Gaya. The kingdom was first referred to by Fra Mauro (in 1459) and Leo Africanus (in 1526); the provenance of its name remains uncertain. Medra is mostly likely the original name of Mandara, one letter being obliterated in Leo's Arabic notes. Leo acknowledges the Kingdom of Medra (Mandara) for their good governors and rulers. The inhabitants of Medra are rich and industrious people, visited often, and great lovers of justice and equity.[1] The region of Medra is listed on the Africae Tabula Nova in 1570. Leo Africanus visited the Kingdom of Medra, located in the south.[2]
For the kingdom's first century of history, its rulers warred with neighbouring groups in an effort to expand their territories. After conquering the Dulo (or Duolo) and establishing the capital at Dulo c. 1580, the dynasty of Sankre, a war leader, began. When the Dulo made an attempt to seize the throne, the Bornu kingdom supported the claim of Aldawa Nanda, a member of Sankre's house. Emperor Idris Alaoma of Borno personally installed Nanda as king in 1614. Bornu thus attained an influential position over Mandara.
Mai Bukar Aji, the 25th king, made Mandara a sultanate c. 1715, which it would remain for nearly two hundred years. Muslim visitors converted Bukar to Islam, and the Islamicisation of the kingdom would continue for most of the next century.
The kingdom experienced a golden age of sorts under Bukar and his successor, Bukar Guiana (1773-1828). Around 1781, the Mandara defeated the kingdom of Borno in a major battle, further expanding their control in the region. At the peak of her power at the turn of the century, Mandara received tribute from some 15 chiefdoms. However, the kingdom faced a setback in 1809, when Modibo Adama, a Fulani disciple of Usman dan Fodio, led a jihad against Mandara. Adama briefly seized Dulo, though the Mandara counterattack soon drove him from the kingdom's borders. Adama's defeat prompted Borno to ally with Mandara once again against the Fulani invaders.
Upon the death of ruler Bukai Dgjiama, Mandara's non-Muslim tributaries rose up, and the Fulani attacked once more. By 1850, Borno could not pass up the opportunity to attack the weakened kingdom. This renewed conflict began to sap the kingdom's strength, paving the way for the invasion of Muhammad Ahmad's forces in the 1880s. In 1895 or 1896, Muhammad Ahmad's army destroyed Dulo, marking a further decline in Mandara power. However, the kingdom continued to exist, repelling continual Fulani raids until it finally fell to them in 1893.
English explorer Dixon Denham accompanied a slave-raiding expedition from Borno into the Mandara kingdom in February 1823; though he barely escaped with his life following the raiders' defeat, he brought back one of the first European accounts of the kingdom. In 1902, the kingdom was conquered by Germany, passing then to France in 1918. In 1960, the Mandara kingdom became a part of newly independent Cameroon.
Rulers of Mandara
edit(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
| 1500 | Foundation of Mandara Kingdom |
| 1500–1715 | ? |
| Sultanate of Mandara | |
| 1715–1737 | Ma Bukar Aji, Sultan |
| 1737–1757 | Madi-a Makirza, Sultan |
| 1757–1773 | T'Kse Bldi, Sultan |
| 1773–1828 | Bukar D'Gjiama, Sultan |
| 1828–1842 | Hiassae, Sultan |
| 1842–1894 | Bukar Narbanha, Sultan |
| 1894–1902 | Umar Adjara, Sultan |
| 1902 | Incorporated into Cameroon |
| 1902–1911 | Umar Adjara, Sultan |
| 1911–1915 | Bukar Afade, Sultan |
| 1915–1922 | Umar Adjara, Sultan |
| 1922 – May 1924 | Amada, Sultan |
| May 1924 – 18 March 1942 | Kola Adama, Sultan |
| 18 March 1942 – | Hamidu Umar, Sultan |
See also
edit- Politics of Cameroon
- Heads of government of Cameroon
- Colonial heads of Cameroon British Cameroon (Cameroons)
- Heads of government of British Cameroon (Cameroons)
- Colonial heads of French Cameroon (Cameroun)
- Heads of government of French Cameroon (Cameroun)
- Fon (title)
- Colonial heads of German Cameroon (Kamerun)
- Rulers of Mandara
- Rulers of the Bamum
- Lists of office-holders
References
edit- ^ "Leo Africanus-The History and Description of Africa, Volume 1 | PDF | Morocco | Moors, Page 128 & 199". Scribd. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
- ^ Ogilby, John (7 October 1670). Africa being an accurate description of the regions of Ægypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid, the land of Negroes, Guinee, Æthiopia and the Abyssines by John Ogilby, Esq. p. 633.
- Barkindo, Bawuro Mubi (1989). The Sultanate of Mandara to 1902. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
- DeLancey, Mark W., and DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. 3rd ed.
- Fanso, V. G. (1989). Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges: Volume 1: Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century. London: Macmillan Education Ltd.