The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré–Guaporé region of eastern lowland Bolivia (the Llanos de Moxos and Chiquitania regions) and Brazil (Rondônia[1] and Mato Grosso states).[2]
Languages
editCrevels and van der Voort (2008) propose a Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area in eastern lowland Bolivia (in Beni Department and Santa Cruz Department) and Rondônia and northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil. In Bolivia, many of the languages were historically spoken at the Jesuit Missions of Moxos and also the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos. Language families and branches in the linguistic area are as follows.[3]
- Chapacuran languages
- Tacanan languages
- a few Panoan languages
- Nambikwaran languages
- the Arawakan languages Moxo, Bauré, Paunaka, and other related varieties
Tupian branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:
- Ramarama languages
- Puruborá language
- Mondé languages
- Tupari languages
- Arikem languages
- Guarayo languages (Tupi–Guarani group)
- some Guarani dialects (Tupi–Guarani group)
Macro-Jê branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:
- Jabutian languages
- Rikbaktsá language
- Chiquitano (sister branch of Macro-Jê)
Language isolates in the linguistic area are:
Linguistic features
editAreal features include:[3]
- a high incidence of prefixes
- evidentials
- directionals
- verbal number
- lack of nominal number
- lack of classifiers
- inclusive/exclusive distinction
Pieter Muysken et al. (2014) also performed a detailed statistical analysis of the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area.[4]
Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé
editReconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé language according to Jolkesky 2016:[5]
| Number | Gloss | Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé | Ignaciano | Trinitário | Paunáka | Paikonéka | Bauré |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | abóbora | *mokuβɨ-re | makure | mkure | *mukubɨre | *mokoβire | mokovis |
| 2. | água | *ɨne | une | une | ɨne | ina | *ine |
| 3. | algodão | *kɔhɔ-re | kaha-re | kho-re | kuhu-e | kohoβu-re | kahawo-r |
| 4. | amendoim | *kɨrike-re | kurike-re | kriç-re | kɨike | - | *kirike-re |
| 5. | animal doméstico | *pero | -pera | -pero | peu | - | -per |
| 6. | anta | *samo | sama | samo | samu | i-somo | som |
| 7. | arco-íris | *ɔ | a-{ʔe} | o-{ʔe} | u-{e} | - | {ni}-aʔ |
| 8. | arraia | *ihino | ihina | hino-mo | ihinu | ihino | *sinu-mpe |
| 9. | árvore | *βoku | - | βku-çi | - | {ape}-oko | -wok(o) |
| 10. | asa | *-poβo | -paβa | -poβo | *-pubu | - | *-powo |
| 11. | assar | *-himo- | -a-hima-ka- | -o-hmo-ko- | -himu-k- | - | -himo- ‘queimar’ |
| 12. | avó | *-oʦe | -aʦe | -oʦe | -use | - | *-ose |
| 13. | avô | *-ɔʧɨko | -aʧuka | -oʧko | *-uʧiku | - | *-aʃiko |
| 14. | bêbado | *-kɔβɨ- | -kaβa-ʔa- | -koβo-o- | -kubɨ-u- | - | -kavi- |
| 15. | beber, tomar | *-er-o- | -er-a- | -er-o- | -e- | - | -er(o)- |
| 16. | beija-flor | *piʦe | pitse | pitse | pise ‘pássaro’ | pite | *pite |
| 17. | bicho-de-pé | *kitu-re | situ-re | stu-re | kitu-e | *sito-ri | - |
| 18. | bicho-preguiça | *puʔe | puʔe | puʔe | pue | - | poʔe |
| 19. | boca | *-nukɨ | -nuku ‘bocado’ | {hii}-nuku ‘bigode’ | *-nukɨ | - | -noki |
| 20. | brasas | *e-moni-ki | e-mani-ki | -moni | e-muni-ki | - | *e-moni-si |
| 21. | cana | *kute-nɔ | akute-na | ʔkute-no | - | kote-na-se | kote-n |
| 22. | cantar | *-akɔ- | - | - | -aku-suni | -aka- | -ak- |
| 23. | capivara | *uʧɨ | uʧu | uʧu | *uʧɨ | *aʔ-oʧi | oʃ(i) |
| 24. | carão | *koʧu-re | kaʧu-re | kʧu-re | - | - | koʃo-r |
| 25. | carne | *-eʧe | -eʧe | -eʧe | -eʧe | - | -eʃ |
| 26. | casa | *pe-nɔ | -pe-na (dep) | -pe-no (dep) | - | - | -pe-n ‘toca’ |
| 27. | céu | *anɨ | anu-ma | anu-mo | anɨ-mu | ani | ani |
| 28. | chifre | *-hiʔɨ | -hiʔu | -hiʔu | *-hiɨ | -hi | -hiʔ |
| 29. | chorar | *-ijɔ- | -ija-ʔ-a | -ijo-ʔ-o | -ju- | -ʧo- | -ja- |
| 30. | comer | *-ni-ko- | -ni-ka- | -ni-ko- | -ni-k- | -ni-ko- | -ni-(k)- |
| 31. | cortar | *-ʧu-ko- | -e-ʧuka- | -ʧukoʔo- | - | - | a-ʃok- |
| 32. | cupim | *moto-rɨ | mata-ru | mto-ru | - | moto-ri-pa ‘cupinzeiro’ | moto-ri |
| 33. | cutia | *peri | peʔi | peʔi | pei | peri | peri |
| 34. | dedo | *-βoʔɨ-ki | -βau-ki | -βu-çi | -buɨ | *-βoʔi-ne-si | *-woʔi-si |
| 35. | defecar | *-sɔ- | -sa-ka- | -so-ko- | - | - | -sa-(p)- |
| 36. | doente | *-huma | -ka-huma | -ko-hma | - | - | *-hom |
| 37. | doer | *-koti | -kati | -koti(-ʧo) | -kuti ‘doente’ | -koti ‘doente’ | -koti-c- |
| 38. | dois | *api- | api- | api- | - | - | api-n |
| 39. | dormir | *-imo-ko- | -ima-ka- | im-ko- | -imu-k- | -mo-k-o- | -imo-k- |
| 40. | enguia | *iti-re | iti-re | ʔti-re-pi | iti-e | oti-ra | *iti-re |
| 41. | entrar | *-kiɔpo- | -siapa- | -siop- | bɨ-kupu- | - | -siap- |
| 42. | esposa | *-jeno | -jena | -jeno | -jenu | - | -jeno |
| 43. | espremer | *kopiti-ko- | -kapiti-ka- | -kopʧa-ko- | kupiti-k- | - | kopiti-e-k- |
| 44. | esquerda | *-sɔpa | -sapa | -sopa | - | - | -sap |
| 45. | folha | *-po- | -pa-ka-hi | -po-ko-hi | -pu-ne | - | -po-n |
| 46. | formiga | *koʦi-rɨ | kaʧi-ru | kʧi-ru | kusi-u | koʧi-ri | koʃi-ri |
| 47. | fritar | *-surɨ- | -suru-ka- | -suu-ko- | - | - | -sori- |
| 48. | fruta | *-ʔi | -ʔi | -ʔi | -i | -ʔi | *-ʔi |
| 49. | galho | *-aβo | -t-aβa | -t-aβo(-hi) | - | - | *-awo |
| 50. | genro | *-ʧina | -ʧina | -ʧina | - | - | ʃinaʔ |
| 51. | grande | *ʧo | i-ʧa-pe | ʔ-ʧo-pe | - | - | ʧo |
| 52. | grilo | *βiʦi | βiʧi | βiʧi | bisi | βiʧi | viʃi |
| 53. | homem | *hirɔ | a-haira | ʔ-hiro | - | - | hir(a) |
| 54. | ir | *-jono- | -jana- | -jono- | -jun- | -ʧono- | -jon(o)- |
| 55. | jacaré | *kɔhiɨ-re | kahiu-re | khʸu-re | kuhibu-e | *kohi-re | kahi-re |
| 56. | jacutinga | *huβi | huβi | huβi | *e-hubi | - | hovi-r(e) |
| 57. | lago | *kɔkiɨ | kakiu-re | koçu-re | - | - | aki |
| 58. | lavar | *-kipɔ- | -sipa-ka- | -sip-ko- | kipu-ch- | - | -sipa |
| 59. | levar | *-ɔmo- | -ama- | -omo- | -um- | - | -amo- |
| 60. | língua | *-nene | -nene | -nene | -pe-nene | i-pe-ne | -pe-nene |
| 61. | lobo-guará | *okɔrɔ | akara-ma | okro-mo | - | - | okara-nan |
| 62. | lua | *kohe | kahe | kohe | kuhe | kehe-re | kihe-r |
| 63. | luz, iluminar | *-mika- | -mika-ʔu | -mik-ʔu | - | - | -mika- |
| 64. | macaco | *ijo | ija | ijo | iju | iʧo-re | ijo-re |
| 65. | madeira | *jɔkɨ-ki | juku-ki | jku-çi | jɨkɨ-ke | ʧaki-se | *jaki-se |
| 66. | maduro | *-jɔ- | -ja-ʔa- | -jo-ʔo- | - | - | -ja-k- |
| 67. | mãe | *-eno | -ena | -eno | -enu | *-eno | -en(o) |
| 68. | mama, teta | *-ʧeni | -ʧene | -ʧene | -ʧene | - | *-ʃeni |
| 69. | mamar | *(-ɔ)-hi-ko- | -ahi-ka- | -oh-ko- | -uhi-k- | - | -hi-k- |
| 70. | mandioca | *kɨha | kuhu | kuh-pa | kɨha-pi | - | kaha-p |
| 71. | mão | *-βoʔɨ | -βaʔu | -βoʔu ‘pulso’ | -buɨ | *-βoʔi | -wo- |
| 72. | medo | *-piko- | -pika- | -piko- | -i-pik- | - | -piko- |
| 73. | milho | *moke | a-maki | ʔ-moçi | a-muke | o-mose | mos |
| 74. | morcego | *βite | βite | βite | bite | βite-re | vite-r |
| 75. | morrer | *-epeno- | -epena- | -epeno- | - | - | -epen(o-) |
| 76. | mosquito | *aniʔɨ | aniʔu | *ʔniʔu | anibɨ | oni | *aniʔ |
| 77. | mulher | *eʦeno | esena | ʔseno | -senu | *-iteno | eteno |
| 78. | mutum | *ukuʔi | ukuʔi | ʔkuʔi | - | - | wokoij |
| 79. | nariz | *-siri | -siri | -siri | - | -sere-ki | -siri-ki |
| 80. | ninho | *-moko | -maka-hi | -moko-hi | -muku-hi | - | ʃira-mok |
| 81. | noite | *joti | jati | joti | juti | - | *joti-ʔe |
| 82. | nuvem | *ɨko | uka-hi | uko-hi | ɨku ‘chuva’ | iko ‘chover’ | - |
| 83. | olho | *-βɨki | -uki-{ʔa} | -uç-{ʔa} | -bɨke | *-βiki-s(e) | -iki-se |
| 84. | onça | *iʧini | iʧini | ʔʧini | isini | iʧene | iʃini |
| 85. | orelha | *-ʧoka | -ʧaka-pe | -ʧoka | -ʧuka | - | -ʧok |
| 86. | osso | *-(n)ope | ij-ape | ʔj-ope-çi | e-upe | *e-nope | *e-nope |
| 87. | ouvir | *-samo- | -sama- | -samo- | -samu- | - | *-samo- |
| 88. | pai | *-ija | -ija | -ija | -ia | - | iaʔ |
| 89. | palmeira (bacuri) | *koʧi | kaʧi | koʧ-no | - | koʧi | koʃ |
| 90. | pato | *pohi | u-pahi | ʔ-pohi | u-puhi | i-pohi | ʔ-pohi |
| 91. | pato roncador | *βonono | βanana | βnono | - | - | wonon |
| 92. | peixe | *himo | hima | himo | himu | ʔimo | *himo |
| 93. | pele | *-(ʧ)uma | -uma-ma | -um-mo | - | i-tioma | *-ʧoma |
| 94. | pequeno | *-ʧepi | *-iʧepi-ʧu | *-ʔ-ʧeʔ-ʧu | -ʧepi-tɨ | - | -t-iʃepi |
| 95. | pescoço | *-pike-(nɨ) | -pike-nu | -piçe-nu | *-pike-nɨ | - | *-pihe |
| 96. | pessoa | *oʧane | aʧane | ʔʧane | uʧane | oʧane ‘homem’ | *oʧane |
| 97. | pimenta | *ʧeti | i-ʧeti | ʔ-ʧeti | u-ʧeti | *e-ʧeti | *ʃeti |
| 98. | piolho | *-ine | -iɲe | -iɲe | -ine | - | *-ine |
| 99. | piranha | *urɨmɔ | uruma | ʔrumo | *ɨmu | orimo | orima |
| 100. | porco | *ʦimo-rɨ | tsimaru | *ʦmoru | - | simori | simori |
| 101. | pulmão | *-haha | -haha | -haha | - | - | -hah |
| 102. | queimado | *-hɨ- | -i-hu- | -i-hu- | i-hɨ-e- | - | -him(o)- |
| 103. | rabo | *-ihi-ki | -ihi-ki | -ih-çi | *-ihi | - | -ihi-s |
| 104. | raposa | *ʧɨje | ʧuje | ʧuje | - | ʧiʔe | ʃijeʔ |
| 105. | rato | *koʦo | kaʦa | koʦo | kusu | *koso | kosio (Língua muxojeóne) |
| 106. | responder | *-kopo- | -hi-kapa- | -hi-kpo- | ha-kup- | - | -kopo-nia |
| 107. | roedor | *majuko | majuka ‘preá’ | mjuko ‘coelho’ | - | *maʧoko ‘preá’ | majak ‘preá’ |
| 108. | rosto | *-mirɔ | -mira | -miro | -miu-iɨke | -{mi}miro | -mira |
| 109. | saber | *-ʧo- | -eʧa- | -eʧo- ‘lembrar’ | *-eʧu-na- | - | -ʧo- |
| 110. | sangue | *-iti | iti | iti | -iti | - | -iti |
| 111. | sobrinho/a | *-ʧe-(hi) | -ʧe-hi | -ʧe-ra | - | - | -ʃi-h |
| 112. | sogra | *-mose | -i-mase | -i-mse | -muse | - | -mos |
| 113. | sogro | *-moʧɨuko | -i-maʧuka | -i-mʧuko | - | - | -moʃok |
| 114. | tartaruga | *kipɨ | sipu | sipu | kipɨ | sipi{-ra} | {ko-}sip(o) |
| 115. | terminar | *-ito- | -ita- | -ito- | - | - | -eto- |
| 116. | terra | *moʦe | mate-hi | mote-hi | mute-hi | mose | *mose |
| 117. | tia | *-aka | -aka ‘tia avó’ | - | - | - | -aka |
| 118. | tio | *-kɨko | -e-kuka | - | -kɨku | - | -kik |
| 119. | tomar banho | *-koβo- | -kaβa- | -koβo- | -kub- | - | -kowo-{jo-} |
| 120. | trazer | *-ɔpɔ- | -n-apa-na- | -upu-n- | - | -apa- | |
| 121. | três | *mopo- | mapa- | mopo-na | - | - | mpo-na |
| 122. | urucum | *nire | i-nire | ʔ-nire | - | - | nir |
| 123. | veado | *kɔhɔβɔ | kahaβa | khoβo | kusubu | kohoβo | kahaw |
| 124. | veado | *mukɔ | muka | muko | moka | ||
| 125. | velho | *-ʧɔ, *-ʧo | i-ʧa-si | ʔ-ʧo-si | -ʧu-bui | e-ʧo | - |
| 126. | veneno | *mɔti | -mati | ʔ-moti | - | - | mati |
| 127. | ver | *-imoʔɔ- | -ima-ʔa- | -im-ʔo- | -mu- | -ʔimo-ʔa- | - |
| 128. | vespa | *hane | hane | hane | hane | - | hane |
| 129. | voar | *-ɔro- | -ara- | -oro- | - | - | -aro- |
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Crevels, M. & van der Voort, H. (2008). The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In Muysken, P. (eds.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre
- Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205–238.
- Maldi, Denise. 1991. O Complexo Cultural do Marico: Sociedades Indígenas dos Rios Branco, Colorado e Mequens, Afluentes do Médio Guaporé. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Antropologia, vol. 7(2), p. 209-269.
- Meireles, Denise Maldi. 1989. Guardiães da fronteira: Rio Guaporé, século XVIII. Petrópolis: Vozes. ISBN 85-326-0017-4.
- Meirelles, Denise Maldi & Meirelles, Apoena. 1984. Tribos extintas e migrações indígenas em Rondônia (Do século XVII até os primeiros decênios do século XX). Anuário de Divulgação Científica, v. 10, p. 134-45. Goiânia: Universidade Católica de Goiás.
- Nimuendajú, Curt. 1925. As tribus do alto Madeira. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 17: 137–172.
- Ramirez, Henri. 2006. As línguas indígenas do Alto Madeira: estatuto atual e bibliografia básica. Língua Viva, vol. 1, n. 1.
- Ramirez, Henri. 2010. Etnônimos e topônimos no Madeira (séculos XVI-XX): um sem-número de equívocos. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica, v. 2 n. 2, p. 179-224.
- Sampaio, W. & da Silva Sinha, V. (2011). Fieldwork data from languages in Rondônia. Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL).
References
edit- ^ Cronhamn, Sandra (2013). The spread of cultural vocabulary in Rondônia. B.A. honors thesis, Lund University.
- ^ van der Voort, Hein (2008). Interethnic contact in the Guaporé region and its linguistic consequences. Lund University, 2008-06-03.
- ^ a b Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area". From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0. ISSN 0165-7763.
- ^ Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016). Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 16(1), 7-37. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646164
External links
edit- Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia collection, Leiden University
- Language diversity of the Guaporé region