The Makassar languages are a group of languages spoken in the southern part of South Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and make up one of the branches of the South Sulawesi subgroup in the Austronesian language family.[1][2] The most prominent member of this group is Makassarese, with over two million speakers in the city of Makassar and neighboring areas.
| Makassar | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Indonesia (Sulawesi) |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | maka1310 |
 Map showing the distribution of the South Sulawesi languages in Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Languages within Makassar languages group, varying between number 6 to 10. | |
Interactive map of Makassar languages, click the map Marker for further detail and navigation. | |
The status of the Makassar languages other than Makassarese as distinct languages is not universally accepted. In older classifications,[3] but also in recent studies by local linguists,[4] they are considered to be dialects of the Makassarese language.
Languages
editPhonology
editA characteristic feature of the Makassar languages is the occurrence of echo vowels with stems ending in final /r/, /l/ or /s/. E.g. /botol/ 'bottle' is realized as bótolo in Selayar and Coastal Konjo, and as bótoloʔ in Makassarese and Highland Konjo (the latter regularly adds a glottal stop to the echo vowel). This echo vowel is dropped if a suffix is added, but retained if followed by an enclitic.[5]
| Makassarese | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|
| base | /rantas/ rántasaʔ 'dirty' |
/lambus/ lámbusu 'straight' |
| with suffix | /rantas/ /-aŋ/ rantás-aŋ 'dirtier' |
/lambus/ /-aŋ/ lambús-aŋ 'straighter' |
| with enclitic | /rantas/ /=aʔ/ rántasak=aʔ 'I am dirty' |
/lambus/ /=a/ lámbusu=a 'I am straight' |
For Konjo (both Coastal and Highland Konjo), Bentong, Makassarese (Labbakkang dialect) and Selayar language, the consonant y /j/ and /w/ realized as j /ɟ/ and /h/.
| Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pig | bawi | bahi | bahi |
| time | wattu | hattu | hattu |
| many, much | lowe,[i][ii] (jai) | lohe | lohe |
| rat, mouse | balawo[i] | balaho | balaho |
| wait | tayang | tajang | tajang |
| wood | kayu | kaju | kaju |
| look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
| to make | bayu,[ii] (pareʼ) | haju | (buaʼ) |
In Konjo languages, some initial b appears as /h/.
| Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| to look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
| hot | bambang | hambang | bambang |
Lexical differences
edit| Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Selayar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gowa (Standard) | Jeneponto | Bantaeng | |||
| to make | appareʼ | aʼbayu | anghaju | aʼbuaʼ | |
| to sit | ammempo | accidong | accidong | attolong | |
| hungry | cipuruʼ | paʼre | paʼre | paʼre | |
| rice field | tana | galung | galung | galung | |
| many, much | jai | loe | lohe | lohe | |
| why | angngapa | angngura | angngura | angngura | |
| friend | agang | urang | urang | urang | |
| with | siagang | surang | siurang | siurang | surang |
| water | jeʼneʼ | ere | ere | jeʼneʼ | |
| egg | bayao | bajao | tannoro | ||
| dog | kongkong | asu | asu | asu | |
| cat | miong | cammiʼ | cammiʼ, meong | meong | |
| leaf | lekoʼ | raung | raung | taha | |
| black | leʼleng | bolong | etang | ||
| white | keboʼ | pute | pute | ||
| eight | sagantuju | karua | karua | ||
| nine | salapang | salapang | kaʼassa | ||
| vegetable | gangang | utang | gangang | ||
| house | ballaʼ | ballaʼ, bola | sapo | ||
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Grimes, C. E. and B. E. Grimes (1987). Languages of South Sulawesi. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-D78. ISBN 0858833522.
- ^ Friberg, T. and T.V. Laskowske (1989). "South Sulawesi languages". In: J.N. Sneddon (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part 1, pp. 1-17. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa.
- ^ Esser, S.J. (1938). "Talen". Atlas van Tropisch Nederland. Blad 9a. Batavia: Topografische Dienst.
- ^ Ramlah Mappau (2017). "Konstituen Pengungkap Negasi Dalam Bahasa Makassar Dialek Lakiung dan Turatea" [Constituent of Negation Expression in Makassarese Language Dialect of Laking and Turatea]. Sawerigading (in Indonesian). 23 (1): 127–137.
- ^ Basri, Hasan; Broselow, Ellen; Finer, Daniel (2012). "The end of the word in Makassar languages" (PDF). In Borowsky, Toni; Kawahara, Shigeto; Sugahara, Mariko; Shinya, Takahito (eds.). Prosody Matters: Essays in Honor of Elisabeth Selkirk. Advances in Optimality Theory. Sheffield & Bristol, Conn.: Equinox.
External links
edit- Makassar languages at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).