The Mạ or Maa (Vietnamese: Người Mạ) are a Mon–Khmer indigenous people of Vietnam (population 50,322 in 2019). They are concentrated mostly in the Lâm Đồng and Đồng Nai province of the country, particularly in the area of the upper Đồng Nai River.[2] They are very close to the Koho people.
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
 Vietnam 50,322 (2019)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Vietnam | |
| Languages | |
| Mạ, Vietnamese, others | |
| Religion | |
| Animism • Theravada Buddhism |
The Ma achieved some form of political unity and a stratified society before the 19th century due to the influence of the Funan.[2] This, however, broke down due to varying factors such as the French colonization, inter-group warfare, and slave trading.[2] The Mon-Khmer-speaking group called Cho Ro is identified by some ethnologists as a subgroup of the Ma people.[3]
Culture
editLanguage
editThe Mạ or Maa language comes under the Mon-Khmer Group: this and the Koho language are sometimes considered to be different dialects only. Jean Boulbet[4] and Lê et al. describe the following Mạ subgroups.[5] There are over 16,000 Mạ people living in Lộc Thắng, Lộc Bắc, Lộc Tân, Lộc Lâm, Lộc Ngãi, and Lộc Châu communes in Bảo Lộc District; Đạ Teh, Đạ M’rê, Đạ Huoai, Đồng Nai, and Ma Đa Gui communes in Đạ Huoai District; Đạ Đờn and Phú Sơn communes in Đức Trọng District; Đinh Trang Thượng commune in northern Di Linh District (Lê et al. 2014:310). These districts all belong to Lâm Đồng Province.
- Mạ Ngăn: the main Mạ subgroup, who live in the Đạ Đơng river basin. Lộc Bắc, Lộc Trung, Lộc Lâm communes of Bảo Lộc District, Lâm Đồng Province.
- Mạ Tô: in upstream La Ngà (Đạ Rnga) River, B'Lao (Bảo Lộc) plateau. Many are in close contact with the Koho people.
- Mạ Krung or Mạ Đa Gui: in the southern plains, from southeastern Bảo Lộc District, Đạ Huoai District, Lâm Đồng Province to Định Quán District, Đồng Nai Province.
- Mạ Xốp: in Lộc Bắc (B'Lach) commune, Bảo Lộc District, and some in Lộc Trung commune of the same district.
Le (2003)[6] covers the Maa varieties of Dagui, Chop, and Tadung.
Folklore
editThe Mạ have a rich oral traditions, and their culture is a tapestry of folklore. Myths, parables, and legends are an integral part of this ethnic group.[7] A detailed description the beliefs, customs, ethno-geography and botany of the Mạ people is given by fr:Jean Boulbet, having lived in what is now the Cát Tiên and Bảo Lâm districts in the 1950-60s: before the extensive influx of lowland people to the region.[4]
Traditional attire
editThe Mạ are also known for their traditional colorful attire. Mạ women wear skirts that reach well below their knees. The men customarily wear loincloth.[4]
References
edit- ^ "Report on Results of the 2019 Census". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ a b c Howard, Michael (2016). Textiles and Clothing of Việt Nam: A History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 9781476663326.
- ^ Michaud, Jean; Swain, Margaret; Barkataki-Ruscheweyh, Meenaxi (2016). Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif, 2nd edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 102. ISBN 9781442272781.
- ^ a b c Boulbet J (1967) Pays des Maa’, Domaine des Génies: Nggar Maa’, Nggar Yaang. Publ. École Français d’Extrême Orient, Paris. Vol.LXII, 143 pp An.
- ^ Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al. (2014) Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
- ^ Le, Tan Duong (2003) A phonological comparison of Maa and Koho varieties. Master's thesis, Payap University.
- ^ "54 Ethnic People of Vietnam". Retrieved 1 January 2013.