Isotopes of lutetium

Isotopes of lutetium (₇₁Lu)
ε0.45%	176Yb
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Lu)
	174.96669±0.00005; 174.97±0.01 (abridged);
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Naturally occurring lutetium (₇₁Lu) is composed of one stable isotope ¹⁷⁵Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁶Lu with a half-life of 37 billion years (2.59% natural abundance). Forty radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides ¹⁷⁶Lu, being ¹⁷⁴Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and ¹⁷³Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^177mLu (t_1/2 160.4 days), ^174mLu (t_1/2 142 days) and ^178mLu (t_1/2 23.1 minutes).

The known isotopes of lutetium range in mass number from 149 to 190. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁷⁵Lu, is electron capture (with some alpha and positron emission), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before ¹⁷⁵Lu are isotopes of ytterbium and the primary products after are isotopes of hafnium. All isotopes of lutetium are either radioactive or, in the case of ¹⁷⁵Lu, observationally stable, meaning that ¹⁷⁵Lu is predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.^[4]

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 5]}			Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹⁴⁹Lu^[5]	71	78		450 170 −100 ns	p	¹⁴⁸Yb	11/2−
¹⁵⁰Lu	71	79	149.97323(54)#	43(5) ms	p (80%)	¹⁴⁹Yb	(2 )
¹⁵⁰Lu	71	79	149.97323(54)#	43(5) ms	β (20%)	¹⁵⁰Yb	(2 )
^150mLu	34(15) keV			80(60) μs [30( 95−15) μs]	p	¹⁴⁹Yb	(1, 2)
¹⁵¹Lu	71	80	150.96757682	80.6(5) ms	p (63.4%)	¹⁵⁰Yb	(11/2−)
¹⁵¹Lu	71	80	150.96757682	80.6(5) ms	β (36.6%)	¹⁵¹Yb	(11/2−)
^151mLu	77(5) keV			16(1) μs	p	¹⁵⁰Yb	(3/2 )
¹⁵²Lu	71	81	151.96412(21)#	650(70) ms	β (85%)	¹⁵²Yb	(5−, 6−)
¹⁵²Lu	71	81	151.96412(21)#	650(70) ms	β, p (15%)	¹⁵¹Tm	(5−, 6−)
¹⁵³Lu	71	82	152.95877(22)	0.9(2) s	α (70%)	¹⁴⁹Tm	11/2−
¹⁵³Lu	71	82	152.95877(22)	0.9(2) s	β (30%)	¹⁵³Yb	11/2−
^153m1Lu	80(5) keV			1# s	IT	¹⁵³Lu	1/2
^153m2Lu	2502.5(4) keV			>0.1 μs	IT	¹⁵³Lu	23/2−
^153m3Lu	2632.9(5) keV			15(3) μs	IT	^153m2Lu	27/2−
¹⁵⁴Lu	71	83	153.95752(22)#	1# s	β?	¹⁵⁴Yb	(2−)
¹⁵⁴Lu	71	83	153.95752(22)#	1# s	α?	¹⁵⁰Tm	(2−)
^154m1Lu	58(13) keV			1.12(8) s	β	¹⁵⁴Yb	(9 )
					βp?	¹⁵³Tm
					βα?	¹⁵⁰Er
					α?	¹⁵⁰Tm
^154m2Lu	>2562 keV			35(3) μs	IT	¹⁵⁴Lu	(17 )
¹⁵⁵Lu	71	84	154.954316(22)	68.6(16) ms	α (76%)	¹⁵¹Tm	(11/2−)
¹⁵⁵Lu	71	84	154.954316(22)	68.6(16) ms	β (24%)	¹⁵⁵Yb	(11/2−)
^155m1Lu	20(6) keV			138(8) ms	α (88%)	¹⁵¹Tm	(1/2 )
^155m1Lu	20(6) keV			138(8) ms	β (12%)	¹⁵⁵Yb	(1/2 )
^155m2Lu	1781.0(20) keV			2.70(3) ms			(25/2−)
¹⁵⁶Lu	71	85	155.95303(8)	494(12) ms	α (95%)	¹⁵²Tm	(2)−
¹⁵⁶Lu	71	85	155.95303(8)	494(12) ms	β (5%)	¹⁵⁶Yb	(2)−
^156mLu	220(80)# keV			198(2) ms	α (94%)	¹⁵²Tm	(9)
^156mLu	220(80)# keV			198(2) ms	β (6%)	¹⁵⁶Yb	(9)
¹⁵⁷Lu	71	86	156.950098(20)	6.8(18) s	β	¹⁵⁷Yb	(1/2 , 3/2 )
¹⁵⁷Lu	71	86	156.950098(20)	6.8(18) s	α	¹⁵³Tm	(1/2 , 3/2 )
^157mLu	21.0(20) keV			4.79(12) s	β (94%)	¹⁵⁷Yb	(11/2−)
^157mLu	21.0(20) keV			4.79(12) s	α (6%)	¹⁵³Tm	(11/2−)
¹⁵⁸Lu	71	87	157.949313(16)	10.6(3) s	β (99.09%)	¹⁵⁸Yb	2−
¹⁵⁸Lu	71	87	157.949313(16)	10.6(3) s	α (.91%)	¹⁵⁴Tm	2−
¹⁵⁹Lu	71	88	158.94663(4)	12.1(10) s	β (99.96%)	¹⁵⁹Yb	1/2 #
¹⁵⁹Lu	71	88	158.94663(4)	12.1(10) s	α (.04%)	¹⁵⁵Tm	1/2 #
^159mLu	100(80)# keV			10# s			11/2−#
¹⁶⁰Lu	71	89	159.94603(6)	36.1(3) s	β	¹⁶⁰Yb	2−#
¹⁶⁰Lu	71	89	159.94603(6)	36.1(3) s	α (10⁻⁴%)	¹⁵⁶Tm	2−#
^160mLu	0(100)# keV			40(1) s
¹⁶¹Lu	71	90	160.94357(3)	77(2) s	β	¹⁶¹Yb	1/2
^161mLu	166(18) keV			7.3(4) ms	IT	¹⁶¹Lu	(9/2−)
¹⁶²Lu	71	91	161.94328(8)	1.37(2) min	β	¹⁶²Yb	(1−)
^162m1Lu	120(200)# keV			1.5 min	β	¹⁶²Yb	4−#
^162m1Lu	120(200)# keV			1.5 min	IT (rare)	¹⁶²Lu	4−#
^162m2Lu	300(200)# keV			1.9 min
¹⁶³Lu	71	92	162.94118(3)	3.97(13) min	β	¹⁶³Yb	1/2( )
¹⁶⁴Lu	71	93	163.94134(3)	3.14(3) min	β	¹⁶⁴Yb	1(−)
¹⁶⁵Lu	71	94	164.939407(28)	10.74(10) min	β	¹⁶⁵Yb	1/2
¹⁶⁶Lu	71	95	165.93986(3)	2.65(10) min	β	¹⁶⁶Yb	(6−)
^166m1Lu	34.37(5) keV			1.41(10) min	β (58%)	¹⁶⁶Yb	3(−)
^166m1Lu	34.37(5) keV			1.41(10) min	IT (42%)	¹⁶⁶Lu	3(−)
^166m2Lu	42.9(5) keV			2.12(10) min			0(−)
¹⁶⁷Lu	71	96	166.93827(3)	51.5(10) min	β	¹⁶⁷Yb	7/2
^167mLu	0(30)# keV			>1 min			1/2(−#)
¹⁶⁸Lu	71	97	167.93874(5)	5.5(1) min	β	¹⁶⁸Yb	(6−)
^168mLu	180(110) keV			6.7(4) min	β (95%)	¹⁶⁸Yb	3
^168mLu	180(110) keV			6.7(4) min	IT (5%)	¹⁶⁸Lu	3
¹⁶⁹Lu	71	98	168.937651(6)	34.06(5) h	β	¹⁶⁹Yb	7/2
^169mLu	29.0(5) keV			160(10) s	IT	¹⁶⁹Lu	1/2−
¹⁷⁰Lu	71	99	169.938475(18)	2.012(20) d	β	¹⁷⁰Yb	0
^170mLu	92.91(9) keV			670(100) ms	IT	¹⁷⁰Lu	(4)−
¹⁷¹Lu	71	100	170.9379131(30)	8.24(3) d	β	¹⁷¹Yb	7/2
^171mLu	71.13(8) keV			79(2) s	IT	¹⁷¹Lu	1/2−
¹⁷²Lu	71	101	171.939086(3)	6.70(3) d	β	¹⁷²Yb	4−
^172m1Lu	41.86(4) keV			3.7(5) min	IT	¹⁷²Lu	1−
^172m2Lu	65.79(4) keV			0.332(20) μs			(1)
^172m3Lu	109.41(10) keV			440(12) μs			(1)
^172m4Lu	213.57(17) keV			150 ns			(6−)
¹⁷³Lu	71	102	172.9389306(26)	1.37(1) y	EC	¹⁷³Yb	7/2
^173mLu	123.672(13) keV			74.2(10) μs			5/2−
¹⁷⁴Lu	71	103	173.9403375(26)	3.31(5) y	β	¹⁷⁴Yb	(1)−
^174m1Lu	170.83(5) keV			142(2) d	IT (99.38%)	¹⁷⁴Lu	6−
^174m1Lu	170.83(5) keV			142(2) d	EC (.62%)	¹⁷⁴Yb	6−
^174m2Lu	240.818(4) keV			395(15) ns			(3 )
^174m3Lu	365.183(6) keV			145(3) ns			(4−)
¹⁷⁵Lu	71	104	174.9407718(23)	Observationally stable^{[n 9]}			7/2	0.9741(2)
^175m1Lu	1392.2(6) keV			984(30) μs			(19/2 )
^175m2Lu	353.48(13) keV			1.49(7) μs			5/2−
¹⁷⁶Lu^{[n 10]}^{[n 11]}	71	105	175.9426863(23)	3.701(17)×10¹⁰ y	β⁻	¹⁷⁶Hf	7−	0.0259(2)
¹⁷⁶Lu^{[n 10]}^{[n 11]}	71	105	175.9426863(23)	3.701(17)×10¹⁰ y	EC (0.45(26)%)^[1]	¹⁷⁶Yb	7−	0.0259(2)
^176mLu	122.855(6) keV			3.664(19) h	β⁻ (99.9%)	¹⁷⁶Hf	1−
^176mLu	122.855(6) keV			3.664(19) h	EC (.095%)	¹⁷⁶Yb	1−
¹⁷⁷Lu	71	106	176.9437581(23)	6.6475(20) d	β⁻	¹⁷⁷Hf	7/2
^177m1Lu	150.3967(10) keV			130(3) ns			9/2−
^177m2Lu	569.7068(16) keV			155(7) μs			1/2
^177m3Lu	970.1750(24) keV			160.44(6) d	β⁻ (78.3%)	¹⁷⁷Hf	23/2−
^177m3Lu	970.1750(24) keV			160.44(6) d	IT (21.7%)	¹⁷⁷Lu	23/2−
^177m4Lu	3900(10) keV			7(2) min [6( 3−2) min]			39/2−
¹⁷⁸Lu	71	107	177.945955(3)	28.4(2) min	β⁻	¹⁷⁸Hf	1( )
^178mLu	123.8(26) keV			23.1(3) min	β⁻	¹⁷⁸Hf	9(−)
¹⁷⁹Lu	71	108	178.947327(6)	4.59(6) h	β⁻	¹⁷⁹Hf	7/2( )
^179mLu	592.4(4) keV			3.1(9) ms	IT	¹⁷⁹Lu	1/2( )
¹⁸⁰Lu	71	109	179.94988(8)	5.7(1) min	β⁻	¹⁸⁰Hf	5
^180m1Lu	13.9(3) keV			~1 s	IT	¹⁸⁰Lu	3−
^180m2Lu	624.0(5) keV			≥1 ms			(9−)
¹⁸¹Lu	71	110	180.95197(32)#	3.5(3) min	β⁻	¹⁸¹Hf	(7/2 )
¹⁸²Lu	71	111	181.95504(21)#	2.0(2) min	β⁻	¹⁸²Hf	(0,1,2)
¹⁸³Lu	71	112	182.95736(9)	58(4) s	β⁻	¹⁸³Hf	(7/2 )
¹⁸⁴Lu	71	113	183.96103(22)#	20(3) s	β⁻	¹⁸⁴Hf	(3 )
¹⁸⁵Lu	71	114	184.96354(32)#	20# s			7/2 #
¹⁸⁶Lu	71	115	185.96745(43)#	6# s
¹⁸⁷Lu	71	116	186.97019(43)#	7# s			7/2 #
¹⁸⁸Lu	71	117	187.97443(43)#	1# s
¹⁸⁹Lu^[6]	71	118
¹⁹⁰Lu^[7]	71	119
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mLu – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
^ ^a ^b ^c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

p: Proton emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷¹Tm
^ primordial radionuclide
^ Used in lutetium-hafnium dating

Lutetium-177

Lutetium (¹⁷⁷Lu) chloride, sold under the brand name Lumark among others, is used for radiolabeling other medicines, either as an anti-cancer therapy or for scintigraphy (medical radio-imaging). Its most common side effects are anaemia (low red blood cell counts), thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts), leucopenia (low white blood cell counts), lymphopenia (low levels of lymphocytes, a particular type of white blood cell), nausea (feeling sick), vomiting and mild and temporary hair loss.^[8]^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Lutetium". CIAAW. 2024.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (8): 140–1–140–7. arXiv:1908.11458. Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 201664098.
^ Auranen, K. (16 March 2022). "Nanosecond-Scale Proton Emission from Strongly Oblate-Deformed 149Lu". Physical Review Letters. 128 (11): 2501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.128k2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.112501. PMID 35363028. S2CID 247855967.
^ Haak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt". Physical Review C. 108 (34608): 034608. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. S2CID 261649436.
^ Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (072501). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501.
^ "Lumark EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
^ "EndolucinBeta EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon, Olivier&rft.au=Blachot, Jean&rft.au=Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes of lutetium" class="Z3988">
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.683-800&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1351/pac200375060683&rft.aulast=de Laeter&rft.aufirst=John Robert&rft.au=Böhlke, John Karl&rft.au=De Bièvre, Paul&rft.au=Hidaka, Hiroshi&rft.au=Peiser, H. Steffen&rft.au=Rosman, Kevin J. R.&rft.au=Taylor, Philip D. P.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes of lutetium" class="Z3988">
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.2051-2066&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info:doi/10.1351/pac200678112051&rft.aulast=Wieser&rft.aufirst=Michael E.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes of lutetium" class="Z3988">
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon, Olivier&rft.au=Blachot, Jean&rft.au=Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes of lutetium" class="Z3988">
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

[5] Lu – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[TNN-9] # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[10] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

p: Proton emission

[11] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[12] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[14] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷¹Tm

[15] rimordial radionuclide

[16] Used in lutetium-hafnium dating

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Lutetium". CIAAW. 2024.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[bellidecay-4] Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (8): 140–1–140–7. arXiv:1908.11458. Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 201664098.

[13F-13] Auranen, K. (16 March 2022). "Nanosecond-Scale Proton Emission from Strongly Oblate-Deformed 149Lu". Physical Review Letters. 128 (11): 2501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.128k2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.112501. PMID 35363028. S2CID 247855967.

[PRC108-17] Haak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt". Physical Review C. 108 (34608): 034608. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. S2CID 261649436.

[PRL132.7-18] Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (072501). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501.

[Lumark_EPAR-19] "Lumark EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

[EndolucinBeta_EPAR-20] "EndolucinBeta EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

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